Non-contact measurement technologies are constantly expanding in the industrial metrology field. The main reason of their success is the ability to perform accurate scans in a short time and their possibility to be integrated into automated industrial systems. In this thesis work, a system for measuring small rotational-symmetric objects is proposed, based on the use of a triangulation laser profilometer. The objects analysed during the tests are safety knurled washers. The first phase of the work concerns the design and construction of a test bench. The structure is designed to align the laser blade emitted by the profilometer in correspondence of the axis of symmetry of the component to be measured. Two preliminary designs are proposed by using a CAD software. The evaluation of the most promising alternative is carried out through a static and dynamic finite element analysis (FEA). The second phase concerns the acquisition and analysis of the collected data. The operating procedure consists in scanning compliant and non-compliant washers. A script developed in Python automatically sets the laser parameters and acquires the profiles of the knurled washers. Another algorithm firstly pre-processes the dataset by cleaning and combining data. Then, it automatically analyses the acquired information to extrapolate the geometrical and statistical measures of interest. The output of the procedure is a report in which there are plots and indexes allowing to detect whether a washer is compliant or not. Results show that the system can detect defects regarding the engraving of the knurling and not-fully-formed teeth. An additional analysis is carried out to verify whether two geometrical features are within the design tolerance. Both good and defective washer results within the tolerance range. The presence of disturbances due to the acquisition technology and a component with inaccurate dimensional properties limit the effectiveness of the measurements. The system does not allow to obtain accurate information regarding very small knurls and measurements related to the object as a whole, such as diameters and concentricity.
Le tecnologie di misura senza contatto sono in costante espansione nel campo della metrologia industriale. Il motivo principale è la capacità effettuare precise scansioni in tempo ridotto, e la possibilità di essere integrate nei sistemi automatizzati tipici dell’industria 4.0. Tra esse spicca l’impiego di tecnologie basate su laser. Nel presente lavoro di tesi, viene proposto un sistema di misurazione di piccoli oggetti a simmetria radiale, basato sull’utilizzo di un profilometro laser a triangolazione. I componenti testati durante le analisi sono rondelle zigrinate. La prima fase del lavoro riguarda la progettazione e la costruzione di un banco prova. Esso deve essere in grado di posizionare in modo preciso l’oggetto da misurare nei confronti della linea laser emessa dal profilometro. Tramite l’uso di un software CAD sono proposti due prototipi di banco prova. L’esecuzione di simulazioni a elementi finiti (FEA) ha permesso di validare l’alternativa più promettente, consentendone la realizzazione. La seconda fase riguarda l’acquisizione e analisi dei dati raccolti. La procedura operativa consiste nello scansionare rondelle conformi e non. Uno script, scritto in Python, permette di definire i parametri del profilometro e procedere con le acquisizioni dei profili in modo automatico. Un altro script analizza i dati raccolti. Il primo step riguarda la pulizia e riorganizzazione delle informazioni. Successivamente, esso estrae dai dati i parametri geometrici e statistici di interesse. Infine, il programma produce un report con grafici e indici, permettendo di identificare la presenza di difettosità nell’oggetto scansionato. I risultati mostrano come il sistema di misura sia in grado di rilevare difetti dovuti a una scarsa incisione della zigrinatura e la presenza di denti non completamente formati. Un’analisi aggiuntiva è svolta per determinare se due elementi della rondella siano in tolleranza. I disturbi dovuti sia alla tecnologia di acquisizione, sia alla presenza di un componente con proprietà dimensionali inadatte, limitano l’efficacia della misurazione. Di conseguenza, il sistema non è in grado di acquisire dati accurati riguardo a piccoli elementi della zigrinatura e di effettuare misure riferite alla rondella nel suo complesso, come il calcolo di diametri e concentricità.
Development of a laser scanner measuring system for defect detection of rotational-symmetric components
Tentori, Francesco
2020/2021
Abstract
Non-contact measurement technologies are constantly expanding in the industrial metrology field. The main reason of their success is the ability to perform accurate scans in a short time and their possibility to be integrated into automated industrial systems. In this thesis work, a system for measuring small rotational-symmetric objects is proposed, based on the use of a triangulation laser profilometer. The objects analysed during the tests are safety knurled washers. The first phase of the work concerns the design and construction of a test bench. The structure is designed to align the laser blade emitted by the profilometer in correspondence of the axis of symmetry of the component to be measured. Two preliminary designs are proposed by using a CAD software. The evaluation of the most promising alternative is carried out through a static and dynamic finite element analysis (FEA). The second phase concerns the acquisition and analysis of the collected data. The operating procedure consists in scanning compliant and non-compliant washers. A script developed in Python automatically sets the laser parameters and acquires the profiles of the knurled washers. Another algorithm firstly pre-processes the dataset by cleaning and combining data. Then, it automatically analyses the acquired information to extrapolate the geometrical and statistical measures of interest. The output of the procedure is a report in which there are plots and indexes allowing to detect whether a washer is compliant or not. Results show that the system can detect defects regarding the engraving of the knurling and not-fully-formed teeth. An additional analysis is carried out to verify whether two geometrical features are within the design tolerance. Both good and defective washer results within the tolerance range. The presence of disturbances due to the acquisition technology and a component with inaccurate dimensional properties limit the effectiveness of the measurements. The system does not allow to obtain accurate information regarding very small knurls and measurements related to the object as a whole, such as diameters and concentricity.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/183103