Degenerative retinal diseases are the main causes of vision loss, and they affect millions of people all over the world. These diseases involve the degeneration of photoreceptors in the retina, which are responsible for the conversion of the light input into neural pulses. In more advanced and severe cases, they lead to irreversible blindness. Currently, some therapies exist, only to slowdown the degeneration caused by wet Age-related Macular Desease, whereas the other diseases are still untreatable. In this thesis work, the synthesis and characterization of push-pull azobenzenes as membrane-targeted photoswitches for the neuronal stimulation is discussed. These push-pull azobenzenes are characterized by a fast thermal relaxation to the stable state (trans isomer) making them appealing for the application as photoswitches for vision restoration. Indeed, the lifetime of the cis state resembles the lifetime of the all-trans-retinaldehyde, the natural chromophore of photoreceptors. Moreover, electrophysiology measurements have proven the efficacy of these photochemical switches to stimulate elicited neuronal firing. The photophysical characterization of one push-pull azobenzene is herein considered. Raman, UV-Visible and photoluminescence spectroscopies have been used to characterize the behaviour of this species in different environments. In particular, the aggregation behaviour in different solvents have been investigated in order to determine the transition concentrations between the aggregate state and the solvated state. Moreover, a peculiar behaviour was observed for these push-pull solutions by means of Raman spectroscopy; the Raman Cross Section (RCS) parameter increases with decreasing concentration rather than with increasing concentrations. This means that the formation of molecular aggregates of this push-pull azobenzene decreases the Raman scattering intensity with respect to that predicted by theory. Although this is a preliminary work, these results open the possibility to the study of the aggregation behaviour in the plasma membrane using liposomes as model for the cell membrane and the construction of a molecular model to explain the RCS trend observed experimentally.
Le malattie degenerative della retina sono la principale causa della perdita della vista e colpiscono milioni di persone in tutto il mondo. Esse causano la degenerazione dei fotorecettori della retina, responsabili della conversione dell’input luminoso in impulsi nervosi. Nei casi più avanzati e gravi, possono portare alla cecità in modo irreversibile. Attualmente, esistono alcune terapie solo per rallentare la degenerazione causata dalla Maculopatia umida, mentre le altre malattie rimangono incurabili. In questo lavoro, vengono trattate la sintesi e la caratterizzazione di azobenzeni push-pull come fotointerruttori intramembrana per la stimolazione dei neuroni. Questi azobenzeni push-pull sono caratterizzati da un veloce rilassamento termico verso l’isomero stabile trans, che li rende promettenti fotointerruttori per la ristorazione della vista. Infatti, il tempo di vita dell’isomero cis si avvicina al tempo di vita della trans-retinaldeide, il cromoforo naturale dei fotorecettori. Inoltre, le misure elettrofisiologiche hanno dimostrato l’efficacia dei push-pull nello stimolare un impulso nervoso. La caratterizzazione fotofisica di uno di questi azobenzeni push-pull è trattata in questa tesi. Le spettroscopie Raman, UV-Visibile e di fotoluminescenza sono state utilizzate per caratterizzare il comportamento di questo azobenzene push-pull in diversi ambienti. In particolare, il comportamento di aggregazione in diversi solventi è stato investigato per determinare le concentrazioni di transizione tra lo stato aggregato e il monomero. Inoltre, si è osservato un comportamento peculiare di queste soluzioni attraverso la spettroscopia Raman; la sezione d’urto Raman (RCS) aumenta con concentrazioni decrescenti invece che con concentrazioni crescenti. Questo significa che la formazione di aggregati molecolari di questo azobenzene push-pull fa sì che l’intensità di Raman scattering diminuisca rispetto al valore teorico. Nonostante questo sia un lavoro preliminare, questi risultati aprono le porte allo studio dell’aggregazione nella membrana lipidica utilizzando i liposomi come modello della membrana cellulare e la costruzione di una teoria di modellazione molecolare che spieghi la tendenza della RCS osservata sperimentalmente.
Membrane-targeted push-pull azobenzenes as photoswitches for cell stimulation : investigating the role of the environment on the photophysical behaviour
D'Antonio, Micol
2020/2021
Abstract
Degenerative retinal diseases are the main causes of vision loss, and they affect millions of people all over the world. These diseases involve the degeneration of photoreceptors in the retina, which are responsible for the conversion of the light input into neural pulses. In more advanced and severe cases, they lead to irreversible blindness. Currently, some therapies exist, only to slowdown the degeneration caused by wet Age-related Macular Desease, whereas the other diseases are still untreatable. In this thesis work, the synthesis and characterization of push-pull azobenzenes as membrane-targeted photoswitches for the neuronal stimulation is discussed. These push-pull azobenzenes are characterized by a fast thermal relaxation to the stable state (trans isomer) making them appealing for the application as photoswitches for vision restoration. Indeed, the lifetime of the cis state resembles the lifetime of the all-trans-retinaldehyde, the natural chromophore of photoreceptors. Moreover, electrophysiology measurements have proven the efficacy of these photochemical switches to stimulate elicited neuronal firing. The photophysical characterization of one push-pull azobenzene is herein considered. Raman, UV-Visible and photoluminescence spectroscopies have been used to characterize the behaviour of this species in different environments. In particular, the aggregation behaviour in different solvents have been investigated in order to determine the transition concentrations between the aggregate state and the solvated state. Moreover, a peculiar behaviour was observed for these push-pull solutions by means of Raman spectroscopy; the Raman Cross Section (RCS) parameter increases with decreasing concentration rather than with increasing concentrations. This means that the formation of molecular aggregates of this push-pull azobenzene decreases the Raman scattering intensity with respect to that predicted by theory. Although this is a preliminary work, these results open the possibility to the study of the aggregation behaviour in the plasma membrane using liposomes as model for the cell membrane and the construction of a molecular model to explain the RCS trend observed experimentally.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/183799