In recent years, CO2 has become one of the most promising fluid in the field of refrigeration, thanks to its low environmental impact. When the fluid is employed in a transcritical refrigeration cycle, however, considerable amounts of throttling losses are generated in the expansion valve. Therefore, it is desirable to find a way to reduce these losses, increasing the efficiency of the refrigeration process. In order to do so, an expander device capable of extracting work from the fluid expansion can be employed as a replacement for the throttling valve. In this work, starting from the theoretical background of two phase flows and from the two phase expanders state of the art, the preliminary design of two different types of turbo expanders have been performed with the auxilium of MATLAB®, and the impact of these two machines on the performances of a transcritical CO2 refrigeration cycle has been estimated. The two machines developed are a Pelton turbine and a radial inflow turbine. Their design models are mainly based on the mean line approach, and by the means of experimental loss correlations and geometrical shape correlations available in the literature, the dimensions and the performances of the machines were computed. In addition, CFD simulations using a barotropic model were performed to better quantify the fluid dynamical losses occurring in a nozzle characterized by a two phase flow.
Negli ultimi anni, la CO2 è diventata una delle alternative più promettenti nel settore della refrigerazione, grazie al suo basso impatto ambientale. Quando però questo fluido viene utilizzato in un ciclo frigorifero transcritico, nella valvola d’espansione hanno luogo importanti perdite fluidodinamiche. È perciò conveniente trovare un modo di ridurre queste perdite, aumentando in tal maniera l’efficienza del ciclo termodinamico. Per far ciò, la valvola può essere sostituita da un espansore capace di estrarre lavoro dall’espansione del fluido. In questa tesi, partendo dalla teoria sui flussi bifase e dallo stato dell’arte sugli espansori a fluido bifase, sono state progettate due diverse tipologie di turbo espansori tramite l’utilizzo di MATLAB®, ed il loro impatto sulle performances di un ciclo a CO2 transcritico è stato stimato. Le due macchine sviluppate sono una turbina Pelton e una turbina centripeta. I modelli sono basati principalmente su un approccio a linea media, e tramite l’utilizzo di correlazioni di perdita sperimentali e di correlazioni di dimensionamento trovate in letteratura, sono state effettuate una stima delle efficienze ed un dimensionamento generale delle macchine. Inoltre, sono state eseguite delle simulazioni CFD caratterizzate da un modello barotropico per cercare di caratterizzare meglio le perdite fluidodinamiche che avvengono in un ugello caratterizzato da un flusso bifase.
Preliminary design of two turbo expanders as replacement for the expansion valve in a transcritical CO2 refrigeration system
Preti, Alessandro
2020/2021
Abstract
In recent years, CO2 has become one of the most promising fluid in the field of refrigeration, thanks to its low environmental impact. When the fluid is employed in a transcritical refrigeration cycle, however, considerable amounts of throttling losses are generated in the expansion valve. Therefore, it is desirable to find a way to reduce these losses, increasing the efficiency of the refrigeration process. In order to do so, an expander device capable of extracting work from the fluid expansion can be employed as a replacement for the throttling valve. In this work, starting from the theoretical background of two phase flows and from the two phase expanders state of the art, the preliminary design of two different types of turbo expanders have been performed with the auxilium of MATLAB®, and the impact of these two machines on the performances of a transcritical CO2 refrigeration cycle has been estimated. The two machines developed are a Pelton turbine and a radial inflow turbine. Their design models are mainly based on the mean line approach, and by the means of experimental loss correlations and geometrical shape correlations available in the literature, the dimensions and the performances of the machines were computed. In addition, CFD simulations using a barotropic model were performed to better quantify the fluid dynamical losses occurring in a nozzle characterized by a two phase flow.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/185997