In recent years, several Italian waste-to-energy plants have recorded an increase of the concentration of acid gases (HCl, SO2 and HF) in the flue gases due to the progressive reduction of the unsorted municipal waste availability, which is partially replaced by commercial waste. This practice has determined the variation of the composition of the treated waste and has given rise to flue gases increasingly rich in acid pollutants, with a consequent increase of the removal efficiencies needed by the treatment processes to allow the absolute respect of increasingly strict emission limits. In several cases, these new needs have been met with the upgrade of plant technologies and the adoption of increasingly advanced and performing chemicals. This thesis work was created with the aim of analyzing the performance achieved with the co-injection of a high specific surface hydrated lime (Sorbacal® SP) and sodium bicarbonate in the low temperature dry sorption process of the acid gases in a waste-to-energy plant, replacing the sodium bicarbonate normally used as the only alkaline reagent. The experimental tests were conducted on the Line 1 of the Trezzo sull'Adda waste-to-energy plant, in agreement between the management company of the plant, Ambiente 2000 S.r.l. (Grouppo Falck Renewables S.p.A), and Unicalce S.p.A., responsible for the supply of high specific surface hydrated lime. The tests were divided into three phases of Sorbacal® SP fixed dosage, respectively equal to 40 kg / h, 60 kg / h and 90 kg / h. The reagent was injected in combined mode with sodium bicarbonate during normal operations of Line 1 of the waste-to-energy plant. The results obtained have shown that the removal efficiencies of acid pollutants in the presence of Sorbacal® SP are always higher than those guaranteed with the only sodium bicarbonate. In particular, abatement efficiencies of the order of 96-98% for hydrochloric acid (HCl), 65-80% for sulfur dioxide (SO2) and 98-99% for hydrofluoric acid (HF) were achieved. The introduction of the new sorbent has also determined the reduction of sodium bicarbonate dosage, with savings in the range of 22-44% compared to normal operations. As regards the production of fly ash, a slight increase was observed in the presence of Sorbacal® SP, with a variation in the range of 2-7% compared to the standard operations with only sodium bicarbonate. Considering the performance achieved, a proposal of the implementation of a new dosing logic based on the use of both reagents was formulated, aiming to the entire process optimization, in particular regarding chemicals consumption with respect to acid pollutants.
Negli ultimi anni alcuni termovalorizzatori italiani hanno registrato un incremento della concentrazione di gas acidi (HCl, SO2 e HF) nei fumi di combustione a causa della progressiva riduzione della disponibilità di rifiuti urbani indifferenziati, parzialmente sostituiti da rifiuti speciali. Questa pratica ha determinato la variazione della composizione dei rifiuti trattati e ha dato origine a fumi di combustione sempre più ricchi di inquinanti acidi, con un conseguente aumento della richiesta delle prestazioni di abbattimento da parte dei processi di trattamento per consentire l’assoluto rispetto di limiti di legge sempre più stringenti. In diversi casi, queste nuove necessità sono state soddisfatte con l’aggiornamento delle tecnologie impiantistiche e con l’adozione di reagenti chimici sempre più evoluti e performanti. Il presente lavoro di tesi nasce con l’obiettivo di esaminare le prestazioni conseguite con l’utilizzo di idrossido di calcio ad elevata superficie specifica (Sorbacal® SP) in co-iniezione con bicarbonato di sodio nello stadio di abbattimento a secco a bassa temperatura dei gas acidi di un impianto di termovalorizzazione rifiuti, in sostituzione del solo bicarbonato di sodio normalmente utilizzato quale reagente basico. La sperimentazione è stata condotta presso la Linea 1 del termovalorizzatore di Trezzo sull’Adda, in accordo tra la società di gestione dell’impianto, Ambiente 2000 S.r.l. (Gruppo Falck Renewables S.p.A), e Unicalce S.p.A., responsabile della fornitura dell’idrossido di calcio ad alta superficie specifica. La sperimentazione si è articolata in tre fasi di dosaggio fisso di Sorbacal® SP, rispettivamente pari a 40 kg/h, 60 kg/h e 90 kg/h. Il reagente è stato iniettato in modalità combinata con bicarbonato di sodio durante il normale esercizio della Linea 1 del termovalorizzatore. I risultati ottenuti hanno evidenziato che le efficienze di abbattimento degli inquinanti acidi in presenza di Sorbacal® SP sono sempre superiori rispetto a quelle garantite con solo bicarbonato di sodio. In particolare, sono state conseguite rese di abbattimento dell’ordine del 96-98% per l’acido cloridrico (HCl), del 65-80% per l’anidride solforosa (SO2) e del 98-99% per l’acido fluoridrico (HF). L’introduzione del nuovo sorbente ha permesso di ridurre anche il dosaggio di bicarbonato di sodio, con risparmi compresi tra il 22-44% rispetto al normale esercizio. Per quanto riguarda la produzione delle ceneri leggere è stato osservato un leggero aumento in presenza di Sorbacal® SP, con una variazione dell’ordine del 2-7% rispetto allo scenario standard a solo bicarbonato di sodio. Alla luce delle prestazioni conseguite è stata formulata una proposta di implementazione di una logica di dosaggio basata sull’utilizzo di entrambi i reagenti, con l’obiettivo di ottimizzare l’intero processo e in particolare i rispettivi consumi rispetto agli inquinanti acidi.
Valutazione sperimentale dell'utilizzo di Sorbacal® SP in co-iniezione con bicarbonato di sodio per la neutralizzazione di gas acidi in un termovalorizzatore di rifiuti
Columbro, Fabrizio Maria
2020/2021
Abstract
In recent years, several Italian waste-to-energy plants have recorded an increase of the concentration of acid gases (HCl, SO2 and HF) in the flue gases due to the progressive reduction of the unsorted municipal waste availability, which is partially replaced by commercial waste. This practice has determined the variation of the composition of the treated waste and has given rise to flue gases increasingly rich in acid pollutants, with a consequent increase of the removal efficiencies needed by the treatment processes to allow the absolute respect of increasingly strict emission limits. In several cases, these new needs have been met with the upgrade of plant technologies and the adoption of increasingly advanced and performing chemicals. This thesis work was created with the aim of analyzing the performance achieved with the co-injection of a high specific surface hydrated lime (Sorbacal® SP) and sodium bicarbonate in the low temperature dry sorption process of the acid gases in a waste-to-energy plant, replacing the sodium bicarbonate normally used as the only alkaline reagent. The experimental tests were conducted on the Line 1 of the Trezzo sull'Adda waste-to-energy plant, in agreement between the management company of the plant, Ambiente 2000 S.r.l. (Grouppo Falck Renewables S.p.A), and Unicalce S.p.A., responsible for the supply of high specific surface hydrated lime. The tests were divided into three phases of Sorbacal® SP fixed dosage, respectively equal to 40 kg / h, 60 kg / h and 90 kg / h. The reagent was injected in combined mode with sodium bicarbonate during normal operations of Line 1 of the waste-to-energy plant. The results obtained have shown that the removal efficiencies of acid pollutants in the presence of Sorbacal® SP are always higher than those guaranteed with the only sodium bicarbonate. In particular, abatement efficiencies of the order of 96-98% for hydrochloric acid (HCl), 65-80% for sulfur dioxide (SO2) and 98-99% for hydrofluoric acid (HF) were achieved. The introduction of the new sorbent has also determined the reduction of sodium bicarbonate dosage, with savings in the range of 22-44% compared to normal operations. As regards the production of fly ash, a slight increase was observed in the presence of Sorbacal® SP, with a variation in the range of 2-7% compared to the standard operations with only sodium bicarbonate. Considering the performance achieved, a proposal of the implementation of a new dosing logic based on the use of both reagents was formulated, aiming to the entire process optimization, in particular regarding chemicals consumption with respect to acid pollutants.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/186015