Nowadays, the world has become increasingly globalised, with the production of goods and services taking place no longer, in most of the cases, in one location but it is fragmented in several geographical areas of the world, leading to the creation of the so-called global value chains (GVCs). In this scenario, tariffs play a crucial role as they do not affects solely direct trading partners, but especially third partners involved in these production chains. The same holds also for non-tariff measures (NTMs), as they have become relevant in last decades in combination with tariffs’ reduction. This paper has therefore the purpose of analysing the impact of non-tariff measures, in terms of costs, in the context of global value chains. Specifically, through a gravity model, the effects of NTMs will be assessed for two specific sectors, such as textile and apparel and agri-food, as they are highly characterised by such measures and highly involved in global production networks. The results obtained from the analysis show how non-tariffs measures, even if only slightly, have negative effects on trade, and as a consequence, they represent an indirect cost for firms and countries involved. To conclude, the outcomes obtained are in line with the existing literature about NTMs, as it is still unclear the role of such measures, that is if they are trade-enhancing or trade-impeding.
Il mondo al giorno d’oggi è diventato sempre più globale, con la produzione di beni e di servizi che non avviene più, nella maggior parte dei casi, in un unico luogo, ma bensì viene frammentata in diverse aree geografiche del mondo, dando vita alle cosiddette catene globali del valore, in inglese global value chains (GVCs). In questo scenario, le tariffe giocano un ruolo fondamentale in quanto non colpiscono più solamente i partners commerciali diretti, ma anche partners indiretti, coinvolti in queste catene di produzione. Lo stesso vale anche per le misure non tariffarie, in inglese non-tariffs measures (NTMs), diventate dominanti negli ultimi anni in concomitanza con la diminuzione delle classiche tariffe. Questo studio ha quindi come scopo quello di analizzare l’impatto delle misure non tariffarie, in termini di costi, nel contesto delle catene globali del valore. In modo particolare, verranno valutati gli effetti, tramite un modello gravitazionale, in due settori specifici, quello del tessile ed abbigliamento e quello agricolo, in quanto altamente caratterizzati dalla presenza di queste misure e con una buona partecipazione nelle catene di produzione globali. I risultati ottenuti mostrano come le misure non tariffarie, anche se di poco, non favoriscono un aumento del commercio ma piuttosto una diminuzione, di conseguenza rappresentano anche un costo indiretto per le aziende ed i paesi coinvolti. In conclusione, i risultati ottenuti confermano la letteratura esistente circa queste misure, in quanto non è ancora del tutto chiaro quale sia il ruolo di quest’ultime, se di promozione o di ostacolo del commercio.
The impact of non-tariff measures (NTMs), in terms of costs, in the context of global value chains (GVCs)
CORTI, NICOLÒ
2020/2021
Abstract
Nowadays, the world has become increasingly globalised, with the production of goods and services taking place no longer, in most of the cases, in one location but it is fragmented in several geographical areas of the world, leading to the creation of the so-called global value chains (GVCs). In this scenario, tariffs play a crucial role as they do not affects solely direct trading partners, but especially third partners involved in these production chains. The same holds also for non-tariff measures (NTMs), as they have become relevant in last decades in combination with tariffs’ reduction. This paper has therefore the purpose of analysing the impact of non-tariff measures, in terms of costs, in the context of global value chains. Specifically, through a gravity model, the effects of NTMs will be assessed for two specific sectors, such as textile and apparel and agri-food, as they are highly characterised by such measures and highly involved in global production networks. The results obtained from the analysis show how non-tariffs measures, even if only slightly, have negative effects on trade, and as a consequence, they represent an indirect cost for firms and countries involved. To conclude, the outcomes obtained are in line with the existing literature about NTMs, as it is still unclear the role of such measures, that is if they are trade-enhancing or trade-impeding.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/186772