European Commission report 2021 shows that, during 2019 in EU-27, transport sector produces 25.8% of the total Green House Gases (GHG) emissions. Road transport is responsible for 71.1% of the sector’s emissions. As regard vehicles, cars account for the 60.6% of the road transport sector’s emissions (11.2% of the total GHG emissions). Due to high GHG emissions generated by road transport sector, Scientific Research investigates new solutions to increase environmental sustainability of road system. The electrification of vehicles is a possible solution, but it requires both new vehicles and proper charging infrastructure networks. Among the arising technology for electric mobility, contactless dynamic vehicle charging seems to overcome the current limitations of Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs). The main BEV points of weakness are high initial cost, long charging time, limited diffusion of static charging stations, and range anxiety. In order to enable this type of vehicles charging, a proper infrastructure is required. Thus, traditional road (t-road) becomes electrified road (e-road) if it is able to provide electricity for BEVs. The present study focuses on contactless dynamic vehicle charging, using Charging Unit (CU) embedded into the road pavement. These CUs are made of prefabricated cement concrete box, in which the electrical technologies are held. The available scientific papers assume the CU has a solid box; instead, in the current investigation, CU is considered as a box with a void for the electrical devices positioning. However, the CU has not to be detrimental for the pavement performances. This is the reason why this research studies the CU effect on pavement, comparing the results to the one obtained for t-road, using a 2D Finite Element Modelling (FEM) approach. This means e-roads are analysed in terms of structural behaviour, fatigue life and rutting resistance. Moreover, both shape and dimension of CU cavity are optimized. Therefore, several e-road cross-sectional geometries are analysed, by combining different CU cavity shape (one rectangle, two rectangles, four circles and six circles) and different CU concrete characteristics (C20/25, C30/37, and C40/50 according to EN 206-1). E-roads performances are evaluated in two steps. The first one describes e-road behaviour from a theoretical and numerical point of view. The second step is devoted to validating the achievements of the first one applying them to a real case study (Viale Forlanini in Milan). As a result of these analyses, interesting outcomes are obtained demonstrating that CU seems to be compatible with the structural performance of pavements. Since it is not possible to electrify all roads at the same time (for economic reasons, construction aspects, etc.), the current study develops a simple, self-explanatory, repeatable, and adaptable method to identify which urban t-roads can be converted to e-roads. This method belongs to the so-called Multicriteria-Spatial Decision Support Systems (MC-SDSS), that are procedures useful for solving spatial problems through the integration of multicriteria analysis with a geo-referenced data management and analysis tool, such as GIS (Geographic Information System). This part of the research is divided into two sections. The first one describes the theoretical steps useful for the model implementation; the second one consists in the model application to a real case study (Comune di Milano). During the model implementation phase, an algorithm is developed to calculate a Feasibility Index (FI) based on numerous criteria (related to infrastructure/transport, society, and environment area). FI is a numerical score to be assigned to each road in relation to the feasibility of transforming a t-road into an e-road. FI varies from 0 (worst case) to 1 (best case, in which the road transformation is highly recommended). The obtained results show that this method is effective in identifying which urban t-roads can be electrified.
Le elevate emissioni inquinanti legate al settore dei trasporti, e in particolare al trasporto stradale, hanno spinto la ricerca scientifica ad indagare nuove soluzioni per incrementare la sostenibilità ambientale. Una possibile soluzione sembra essere l’elettrificazione dei veicoli, che tuttavia richiede nuovi mezzi e nuove infrastrutture di ricarica. Tra le possibili alternative di approvvigionamento, il presente studio si è concentrato sulla ricarica dinamica induttiva realizzata attraverso l’inserimento di dispositivi di ricarica (Charging Unit o CU) all’interno della pavimentazione. In questo modo, la strada tradizionale (t-road) è convertita in strada elettrificata (e-road). Rispetto alla letteratura scientifica oggi disponibile, in cui la CU è una scatola prefabbricata piena in calcestruzzo, la CU nel presente studio è pensata come una scatola cava per consentire il fisico alloggiamento delle tecnologie di ricarica. Tuttavia, le CU non devono influire negativamente sulle prestazioni della pavimentazione. Ecco, quindi, la necessità di verificare l’effetto della CU sulla pavimentazione -a breve e a lungo termine- confrontando i risultati con quelli ottenuti per le strade tradizionali, attraverso una modellazione agli elementi finiti 2D. Tali verifiche consistono in tre analisi distinte (strutturale, fatica, ormaiamento) e nell’ottimizzazione della forma e dimensione della cavità. L’approccio seguito prevede una trattazione teorica ed una successiva validazione in un caso studio. I risultati ottenuti sono molto interessanti e sembrano confermare la possibilità di inserire delle scatole cave in calcestruzzo all’interno della pavimentazione. In più, dal momento che non è possibile elettrificare tutte le strade contemporaneamente (per motivi economici, costruttivi, ecc.), emerge la necessità di sviluppare uno strumento che consenta di identificare, in ambito urbano, quali strade trasformare da t-road in e-road. Il metodo implementato rientra all’interno dei cosiddetti Multicriteria-Spatial Decision Support Systems (MC-SDSS), ossia modelli utili alla risoluzione di problemi spaziali complessi attraverso l’integrazione dell’analisi multicriteria con uno strumento di gestione ed analisi di dati geo-riferiti qual è il GIS (Geographic Information System). Anche in questo caso l’approccio seguito dal presente lavoro di tesi prevede un’analisi teorica a cui segue una contestualizzazione in uno specifico caso studio. I risultati ottenuti mostrano che l’implementazione di un metodo di questo tipo risulta essere efficace per il raggiungimento dell’obiettivo di ammodernamento della rete stradale.
Le strade sostenibili del futuro : le e-roads. Ottimizzazione strutturale e delle modalità di implementazione in ambito urbano
Nodari, Claudia
2021/2022
Abstract
European Commission report 2021 shows that, during 2019 in EU-27, transport sector produces 25.8% of the total Green House Gases (GHG) emissions. Road transport is responsible for 71.1% of the sector’s emissions. As regard vehicles, cars account for the 60.6% of the road transport sector’s emissions (11.2% of the total GHG emissions). Due to high GHG emissions generated by road transport sector, Scientific Research investigates new solutions to increase environmental sustainability of road system. The electrification of vehicles is a possible solution, but it requires both new vehicles and proper charging infrastructure networks. Among the arising technology for electric mobility, contactless dynamic vehicle charging seems to overcome the current limitations of Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs). The main BEV points of weakness are high initial cost, long charging time, limited diffusion of static charging stations, and range anxiety. In order to enable this type of vehicles charging, a proper infrastructure is required. Thus, traditional road (t-road) becomes electrified road (e-road) if it is able to provide electricity for BEVs. The present study focuses on contactless dynamic vehicle charging, using Charging Unit (CU) embedded into the road pavement. These CUs are made of prefabricated cement concrete box, in which the electrical technologies are held. The available scientific papers assume the CU has a solid box; instead, in the current investigation, CU is considered as a box with a void for the electrical devices positioning. However, the CU has not to be detrimental for the pavement performances. This is the reason why this research studies the CU effect on pavement, comparing the results to the one obtained for t-road, using a 2D Finite Element Modelling (FEM) approach. This means e-roads are analysed in terms of structural behaviour, fatigue life and rutting resistance. Moreover, both shape and dimension of CU cavity are optimized. Therefore, several e-road cross-sectional geometries are analysed, by combining different CU cavity shape (one rectangle, two rectangles, four circles and six circles) and different CU concrete characteristics (C20/25, C30/37, and C40/50 according to EN 206-1). E-roads performances are evaluated in two steps. The first one describes e-road behaviour from a theoretical and numerical point of view. The second step is devoted to validating the achievements of the first one applying them to a real case study (Viale Forlanini in Milan). As a result of these analyses, interesting outcomes are obtained demonstrating that CU seems to be compatible with the structural performance of pavements. Since it is not possible to electrify all roads at the same time (for economic reasons, construction aspects, etc.), the current study develops a simple, self-explanatory, repeatable, and adaptable method to identify which urban t-roads can be converted to e-roads. This method belongs to the so-called Multicriteria-Spatial Decision Support Systems (MC-SDSS), that are procedures useful for solving spatial problems through the integration of multicriteria analysis with a geo-referenced data management and analysis tool, such as GIS (Geographic Information System). This part of the research is divided into two sections. The first one describes the theoretical steps useful for the model implementation; the second one consists in the model application to a real case study (Comune di Milano). During the model implementation phase, an algorithm is developed to calculate a Feasibility Index (FI) based on numerous criteria (related to infrastructure/transport, society, and environment area). FI is a numerical score to be assigned to each road in relation to the feasibility of transforming a t-road into an e-road. FI varies from 0 (worst case) to 1 (best case, in which the road transformation is highly recommended). The obtained results show that this method is effective in identifying which urban t-roads can be electrified.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/187056