The mobility sector is destined to undergo a change in the upcoming years to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate the effects of global warming as much as possible. Furthermore, in urban areas the presence of a large number of vehicles, moving or stationary, leads to a high level of congestion. For these reasons, one of the fastest growing sectors is represented by e-bikes, of reduced weight and dimensions compared to scooters and characterized by zero emissions. This thesis is placed precisely in this context, and specifically deals with the control of energy flows in an electric bicycle. In particular the prototype used during this project has a series architecture, so there is no mechanical transmission. In fact, unlike common commercial e-bikes that combine the cyclist’s traction with the assistance torque provided by the electric motor, the "Senza" vehicle has a generator located between the pedals in charge of converting the cyclist’s mechanical energy into electrical energy that can be used to power the motor responsible for traction of the vehicle, or to recharge the battery. This configuration allows for total control over the vehicle’s energy flows, and also allows for the management of the cyclist’s physical effort and comfort. The analyzes carried out in this project focus on this aspect, with the aim of developing a vehicle that lends itself to comfortable use that always takes into consideration the needs of the cyclist and that, at the same time, manages the energy cosumption during the vehicle mission. By exploiting the concept of "virtual chain" which allows the cyclist to choose the cadence point by defining a transmission ratio that makes the cadence constant, it was possible to develop a cadence controller in order not to degrade the user’s comfort. The focus is therefore placed on the energy management of the vehicle, in order to effectively manage its streams. An innovative control based on MPC "Model Predictive Control" is proposed. This architecture allows on the one hand to maintain control over the battery’s discharge profiles, on the other hand, however, the comfort of the cyclist is taken into consideration, highlighting a necessary trade-off between these two aspects.
Il settore della mobilità è destinato a subire un mutamento nei prossimi anni per ridurre le emissioni di gas serra e arginare il più possibile gli effetti del surriscaldamento globale. Inoltre, nelle aree urbane la presenza di un numero elevato di veicoli, in movimento o fermi, comporta un elevato livello di congestione. Per questi motivi uno dei settori in maggiore espansione è rappresentato dalle biciclette a pedalata assistita, di peso e dimensioni ridotte rispetto agli scooter e caratterizzate da emissioni nulle. Questa tesi si colloca proprio in questo ambito, e nello specifico si occupa del controllo dei flussi energetici in una bicicletta elettrica. In particolare il prototipo utilizzato durante questo progetto presenta un’architettura "serie", pertanto risulta sprovvisto di trasmissione meccanica, difatti, a differenza delle comuni biciclette commerciali che combinano la trazione del ciclista con una coppia di assistenza fornita dal motore, il veicolo "Senza" dispone di un generatore situato tra i pedali incaricato di convertire l’energia meccanica del ciclista in energia elettrica che può essere utilizzata per alimentare il motore responsabile della trazione del veicolo, o ricaricare la batteria. Questa configurazione consente di avere un controllo totale sui flussi energetici del veicolo, inoltre consente di gestire lo sforzo fisico ed il comfort del ciclista. Proprio su questo aspetto si concentrano le analisi svolte in questo progetto, con l’obbiettivo di sviluppare un veicolo che si presti ad un uso confortevole che tenga sempre in considerazione le necessità del ciclista e che allo stesso tempo gestisca l’energia utilizzata durante una missione. Sfruttando il concetto di "virtual chain" che permette al ciclista di scegliere il punto di cadenza definendo un rapporto di trasmissione che renda la cadenza costante è stato possibile sviluppare un controllore di cadenza al fine di non degradare il comfort dell’utente. L’attenzione è dunque posta sulla gestione energetica del veicolo, al fine di gestirne efficacemente i flussi. Un controllo innovativo basato su MPC "Model Predictive Control" è proposto. Questa architettura consente da una parte di mantenere il controllo sui profili di scarica della batteria, dall’altra, tuttavia, il comfort del ciclista è preso in considerazione, evidenziando un necessario trade-off tra i due aspetti.
Gestione energetica orientata al comfort del ciclista in una e-bike di tipo serie
Maffettone, Guido
2020/2021
Abstract
The mobility sector is destined to undergo a change in the upcoming years to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate the effects of global warming as much as possible. Furthermore, in urban areas the presence of a large number of vehicles, moving or stationary, leads to a high level of congestion. For these reasons, one of the fastest growing sectors is represented by e-bikes, of reduced weight and dimensions compared to scooters and characterized by zero emissions. This thesis is placed precisely in this context, and specifically deals with the control of energy flows in an electric bicycle. In particular the prototype used during this project has a series architecture, so there is no mechanical transmission. In fact, unlike common commercial e-bikes that combine the cyclist’s traction with the assistance torque provided by the electric motor, the "Senza" vehicle has a generator located between the pedals in charge of converting the cyclist’s mechanical energy into electrical energy that can be used to power the motor responsible for traction of the vehicle, or to recharge the battery. This configuration allows for total control over the vehicle’s energy flows, and also allows for the management of the cyclist’s physical effort and comfort. The analyzes carried out in this project focus on this aspect, with the aim of developing a vehicle that lends itself to comfortable use that always takes into consideration the needs of the cyclist and that, at the same time, manages the energy cosumption during the vehicle mission. By exploiting the concept of "virtual chain" which allows the cyclist to choose the cadence point by defining a transmission ratio that makes the cadence constant, it was possible to develop a cadence controller in order not to degrade the user’s comfort. The focus is therefore placed on the energy management of the vehicle, in order to effectively manage its streams. An innovative control based on MPC "Model Predictive Control" is proposed. This architecture allows on the one hand to maintain control over the battery’s discharge profiles, on the other hand, however, the comfort of the cyclist is taken into consideration, highlighting a necessary trade-off between these two aspects.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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GESTIONE ENERGETICA ORIENTATA AL COMFORT DEL CICLISTA IN UNA E BIKE DI TIPO SERIE.pdf
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Gestione energetica orientata al comfort in una e-bike di tipo serie_executive summary.pdf
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Descrizione: executive summary
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/187333