Natural gas is considered the main heating fuel in the EU and account for a major share of inland energy consumption. The European Union is seeking to be energy independent in the upcoming decades. The shift from primary dependence of fossil fuels to integrating renewables in the energy sector served to achieve some goals set by Paris Green Energy Deal, but this step should be followed by innovative strategies to reduce the consumption of natural gas by replacing it with hydrogen gas. This thesis work involves the testing of ultrasonic flow meters produced by an Italian company that works in collaboration with Hy4heat project in United Kingdom. This project is set to establish whether it is technically possible, safe, and convenient to replace natural gas with hydrogen in residential, commercial buildings and gas appliances. These testing are carried out in the Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage (LabX) at Politecnico di Milano, Italy. The thesis also involves testing on new prototypes of methane flow meters to replace those available in the market. The apparatus where the testing is involved, is built in a very secure safe way to avoids leakages of flammable gases and is placed in a testing cell with sensors for the detection of eventual gases to ensure the safety of operation. The test rig can flow compressed air and technical gases as hydrogen, methane, and nitrogen. Tests accomplished for meters with compressed air and methane are done for flow rates ranging between 0.04 m3/h to 7.2 m3/h and for hydrogen from 0.12 m3/h to 24 m3/h. The tests are carried out at temperatures between -25 °C and 55 °C. The reliability of the results is of high importance; the data collected during the testing procedure is followed by a data analysis phase involving several statistical indicators to assure that the results done in our laboratory are compatible with those done at the company and if the meters are performing at steady conditions. Then an additional check is performed by using an autoregressive model that allows to process the autocorrelated data. Assuring the system is in steady state, a transfer function is plotted with respect to the reference flow rate that provides an overview of the testing campaign for calibrating the ultrasonic flow meters. The error trend for the deviations measured at all temperatures comply with the limit of 3.5 % for flow rates between 0.12 and 2 m3/h and 2 % between 2 and 20 m3/h.
L'Unione europea sta cercando di essere indipendente dal punto di vista energetico nei prossimi decenni. Il passaggio dalla dipendenza primaria dai combustibili fossili all'integrazione delle rinnovabili nel settore energetico è servito a raggiungere alcuni obiettivi fissati dal ‘Paris Green Energy Deal’, ma questo passaggio dovrebbe essere seguito da strategie innovative per ridurre il consumo di gas naturale sostituendolo con gas idrogeno. Questo lavoro di tesi prevede il collaudo di misuratori di portata ad ultrasuoni prodotti da un'azienda italiana che lavora in collaborazione con il progetto Hy4heat nel Regno Unito. Questo progetto è destinato a stabilire se è tecnicamente possibile, sicuro e conveniente sostituire il gas naturale con l'idrogeno negli edifici residenziali, commerciali e negli apparecchi a gas. Questi test sono condotti nel Laboratorio di Conversione e Stoccaggio di Energia (LabX) del Politecnico di Milano, Italia. La tesi prevede anche la sperimentazione di nuovi prototipi di misuratori di portata a metano in sostituzione di quelli disponibili sul mercato. L'apparato in cui è coinvolto il test è costruito in modo accurato per garantire un flusso sicuro di idrogeno e metano durante tutte le fasi delle sperimentazioni. Il banco prova può far circolare aria compressa e gas tecnici (idrogeno, metano e azoto). Le prove effettuate per contatori con aria compressa e metano vengono eseguite per portate comprese tra 0,04 m3/h a 7,2 m3/h e per idrogeno da 0,12 m3/h a 24 m3/h. Le prove vengono eseguite a temperature comprese tra -25 °C e 55 °C. L'affidabilità dei risultati è di grande importanza; i dati raccolti durante la procedura di prova sono seguiti da una fase di analisi che coinvolge diversi indicatori statistici per garantire che i risultati ottenuti in ateneo siano compatibili con quelli ottenuti in azienda e se i misuratori stanno funzionando a condizioni stabile. Quindi viene eseguito un ulteriore controllo utilizzando un modello auto regressivo che consente di elaborare i dati autocorrelati. Assicurandosi che il sistema sia in stato stabile, viene tracciata una funzione di trasferimento rispetto alla portata di riferimento che fornisce una panoramica della campagna di test per la calibrazione dei flussimetri ad ultrasuoni. L'andamento dell'errore per gli scostamenti rispetta il limite del 3,5 % per portate comprese tra 0,12 e 2 m3/h e del 2 % tra 2 e 20 m3/h.
Experimental investigation on new ultrasonic flow meters for methane and hydrogen residential distribution
KAMLO, ALI HASSAN
2021/2022
Abstract
Natural gas is considered the main heating fuel in the EU and account for a major share of inland energy consumption. The European Union is seeking to be energy independent in the upcoming decades. The shift from primary dependence of fossil fuels to integrating renewables in the energy sector served to achieve some goals set by Paris Green Energy Deal, but this step should be followed by innovative strategies to reduce the consumption of natural gas by replacing it with hydrogen gas. This thesis work involves the testing of ultrasonic flow meters produced by an Italian company that works in collaboration with Hy4heat project in United Kingdom. This project is set to establish whether it is technically possible, safe, and convenient to replace natural gas with hydrogen in residential, commercial buildings and gas appliances. These testing are carried out in the Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage (LabX) at Politecnico di Milano, Italy. The thesis also involves testing on new prototypes of methane flow meters to replace those available in the market. The apparatus where the testing is involved, is built in a very secure safe way to avoids leakages of flammable gases and is placed in a testing cell with sensors for the detection of eventual gases to ensure the safety of operation. The test rig can flow compressed air and technical gases as hydrogen, methane, and nitrogen. Tests accomplished for meters with compressed air and methane are done for flow rates ranging between 0.04 m3/h to 7.2 m3/h and for hydrogen from 0.12 m3/h to 24 m3/h. The tests are carried out at temperatures between -25 °C and 55 °C. The reliability of the results is of high importance; the data collected during the testing procedure is followed by a data analysis phase involving several statistical indicators to assure that the results done in our laboratory are compatible with those done at the company and if the meters are performing at steady conditions. Then an additional check is performed by using an autoregressive model that allows to process the autocorrelated data. Assuring the system is in steady state, a transfer function is plotted with respect to the reference flow rate that provides an overview of the testing campaign for calibrating the ultrasonic flow meters. The error trend for the deviations measured at all temperatures comply with the limit of 3.5 % for flow rates between 0.12 and 2 m3/h and 2 % between 2 and 20 m3/h.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: Ali Hassan Kamlo_Thesis
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/189616