In the European Union, buildings account for 40% of the total energy consumption. New buildings can achieve high-performance levels, however, up to 90% of the existing European building stock will still be standing and in use in 2050. Thus, the renovation of buildings is a key action to reach the decarbonization of the building stock in the next 30 years. In such a context there has been an increasing necessity to have buildings with interactive features, to dynamically respond to users’ needs and/or changing boundary conditions such as climate and grid prices. As a result, the concept of Smart Buildings has been introduced by the Energy Performance Building Directive (EPBD) as the main enabler for the future of the building sector. In this sense, Smart Retrofitting has become crucial to upgrade the definition of energy efficient or Nearly Zero Energy Building retrofitting and reflect the new possibilities of transforming existing buildings into more responsive/efficient buildings and cities. To understand Smart Retrofitting, it is very important to clarify the concept of Smart Buildings. The revised EPBD has developed a voluntary European scheme for rating the smart readiness of buildings: the “Smart Readiness Indicator”, to measure the capability of smart buildings to adapt their operation to the needs of the grid, and occupants. Yet, its’ methodology is qualitative and only assesses the presence of the services and technologies without evaluating their performance. Hence, this thesis develops a framework for Smart Retrofitting and the achievable quantified benefits. Particularly, the proposed methodology evaluates the energy performance of smart retrofitted buildings by identifying specific Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) that provide a quantitative performance assessment of the building operation. The implemented KPIs measure the energy performance of the technologies integrated into the building as well as its’ grid interaction. Moreover, the thesis elaborates on quantified thresholds for the indicators by reflecting on existing case studies from the literature. It identifies “Minimum Acceptable Thresholds” for the KPIs which define the basic performance level for a smart building/retrofit, and “Top-performing Thresholds”, which indicate a smart building/retrofit with outstanding performances. Furthermore, the proposed evaluation methodology is tested on a case study of the Holistic Energy and Architectural Retrofit Toolkit (HEART) project, part of the Horizon 2020 program, and aims at smart retrofitting existing buildings. The final part of the thesis normalizes the indicators to have common units that facilitate comparison at a wider building scale. The outcomes of the present work are expected to quantify the Smart Readiness level and give guidelines on smart retrofitting. The proposed Smart Retrofitting framework will thus allow building designers, users, and policymakers to estimate the energy performance of smart retrofit projects and measure their success.
Nell'Unione Europea, gli edifici rappresentano il 40% del consumo energetico totale. I nuovi edifici possono raggiungere livelli di prestazione elevati, ma nel 2050 il 90% del patrimonio edilizio europeo esistente sarà ancora in piedi e in uso. Pertanto, la ristrutturazione degli edifici è un'azione chiave per raggiungere la decarbonizzazione del patrimonio edilizio nei prossimi 30 anni. In questo contesto, è emersa una crescente necessità di avere edifici con caratteristiche interattive, in grado di rispondere dinamicamente alle esigenze degli utenti alle mutevoli condizioni al contorno, come il clima e i prezzi della rete. Di conseguenza, il concetto di Smart Buildings è stato introdotto dalla Energy Performance Building Directive (EPBD) come principale fattore abilitante per il futuro del settore edilizio. In questo senso, lo Smart Retrofitting è diventato fondamentale per aggiornare la definizione di retrofitting di edifici a efficienza energetica o a energia quasi zero e riflettere le nuove possibilità di trasformare gli edifici esistenti in edifici e città più reattivi/efficienti. Per comprendere il concetto di Smart Retrofitting, è molto importante chiarire il concetto di Edifici Intelligenti. La revisione della Direttiva EPBD ha sviluppato uno schema europeo volontario per la valutazione della predisposizione degli edifici a essere intelligenti: lo "Smart Readiness Indicator", per misurare la capacità degli edifici intelligenti di adattare il loro funzionamento alle esigenze della rete e degli occupanti. Tuttavia, la sua metodologia è qualitativa e valuta solo la presenza di servizi e tecnologie senza valutarne le prestazioni. Questa tesi sviluppa quindi un quadro di riferimento per lo Smart Retrofitting e i benefici quantificati ottenibili. In particolare, la metodologia proposta valuta le prestazioni energetiche degli edifici smart retrofitting identificando specifici Key Performance Indicators (KPI) che forniscono una valutazione quantitativa delle prestazioni del funzionamento dell'edificio. I KPI implementati misurano le prestazioni energetiche delle tecnologie integrate nell'edificio e la sua interazione con la rete. Inoltre, la tesi elabora soglie quantificate per gli indicatori riflettendo su casi di studio esistenti in letteratura. Identifica le "Soglie minime accettabili" per i KPI, che definiscono il livello di prestazione di base per un edificio/retrofit intelligente, e le "Soglie di massima prestazione", che indicano un edificio/retrofit intelligente con prestazioni eccezionali. Inoltre, la metodologia di valutazione proposta viene testata su un caso di studio del progetto Holistic Energy and Architectural Retrofit Toolkit (HEART), che fa parte del programma Horizon 2020 e mira al retrofit intelligente di edifici esistenti. La parte finale della tesi normalizza gli indicatori in modo da avere unità comuni che facilitino il confronto su una scala più ampia di edifici. I risultati del presente lavoro dovrebbero quantificare il livello di Smart Readiness e fornire linee guida sul retrofitting intelligente. Il quadro di riferimento proposto per lo Smart Retrofitting consentirà quindi ai progettisti, agli utenti e ai responsabili politici di stimare le prestazioni energetiche dei progetti di smart retrofit e di misurarne il successo.
Assessing smart retrofitting in residential buildings through Key Performance Indicators
Aljumaa Aldakheel, Joud
2021/2022
Abstract
In the European Union, buildings account for 40% of the total energy consumption. New buildings can achieve high-performance levels, however, up to 90% of the existing European building stock will still be standing and in use in 2050. Thus, the renovation of buildings is a key action to reach the decarbonization of the building stock in the next 30 years. In such a context there has been an increasing necessity to have buildings with interactive features, to dynamically respond to users’ needs and/or changing boundary conditions such as climate and grid prices. As a result, the concept of Smart Buildings has been introduced by the Energy Performance Building Directive (EPBD) as the main enabler for the future of the building sector. In this sense, Smart Retrofitting has become crucial to upgrade the definition of energy efficient or Nearly Zero Energy Building retrofitting and reflect the new possibilities of transforming existing buildings into more responsive/efficient buildings and cities. To understand Smart Retrofitting, it is very important to clarify the concept of Smart Buildings. The revised EPBD has developed a voluntary European scheme for rating the smart readiness of buildings: the “Smart Readiness Indicator”, to measure the capability of smart buildings to adapt their operation to the needs of the grid, and occupants. Yet, its’ methodology is qualitative and only assesses the presence of the services and technologies without evaluating their performance. Hence, this thesis develops a framework for Smart Retrofitting and the achievable quantified benefits. Particularly, the proposed methodology evaluates the energy performance of smart retrofitted buildings by identifying specific Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) that provide a quantitative performance assessment of the building operation. The implemented KPIs measure the energy performance of the technologies integrated into the building as well as its’ grid interaction. Moreover, the thesis elaborates on quantified thresholds for the indicators by reflecting on existing case studies from the literature. It identifies “Minimum Acceptable Thresholds” for the KPIs which define the basic performance level for a smart building/retrofit, and “Top-performing Thresholds”, which indicate a smart building/retrofit with outstanding performances. Furthermore, the proposed evaluation methodology is tested on a case study of the Holistic Energy and Architectural Retrofit Toolkit (HEART) project, part of the Horizon 2020 program, and aims at smart retrofitting existing buildings. The final part of the thesis normalizes the indicators to have common units that facilitate comparison at a wider building scale. The outcomes of the present work are expected to quantify the Smart Readiness level and give guidelines on smart retrofitting. The proposed Smart Retrofitting framework will thus allow building designers, users, and policymakers to estimate the energy performance of smart retrofit projects and measure their success.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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JOUD ALJUMAA ALDAKHEEL PhD Thesis.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/189680