Nowadays, the people all around the world are vulnerable, also responsible for the changes in the climatic regime of the planet Earth. Added to the climate change impacts, natural hazards can impact the human life too. Most of the activities which are done by human causes the increase to the Green House Gas emissions which in turn leads to other consequences like increasing the surface temperature, increase the rate of ice-melting, rising the sea level, and flooding, but from other way round other problems like drought. Also, there exist other kind of natural hazards which can have serious impacts on the people life and financial impacts, like earthquakes. All of these events can impact the world in different fields like human health, food production, tourism industry, cultural heritages and so forth. One of the areas which has a great importance for the people is the built environment, since it is the place in which the people are living, working, and spending most of their time. During the years, there were done a lot of efforts in global and national level in order to mitigate the risk of those events. Some of the solutions are in type of policies that all the countries all around the world have to follow, like the limits that were proposed in Paris Agreement that oblige the countries to decrease their GHG emissions up to a certain level in the next years. While, some other solutions are in national level in which, each country proposed some technical and engineering solutions to resist against the natural hazards, like construction of dams and retention reservoirs to mitigate the risk of flooding, or trying to educate the people in order to know how to face the earthquake. Each of these solutions have some advantages and disadvantages. This thesis tried to find some examples of using these different methods and their pros and cons, in order to have a general insight about these kind of climate-related events and natural hazards to decrease their consequences in the future. For this reason, the thesis is structured as follows: - A general overview about the climate change and natural hazards and their consequences can affect the world in overall term and countries. - Evaluate the different fields which were affected by the climate change and natural hazard. The more focus will be on the part of built environment and explain its importance on the human life. - Assess the parameters related to the risks related to the climate change and natural hazards. For this reason, the ways to measure their impacts in qualitative and quantitative terms will be explained. - Explain the ways in general term to reduce these risks, and focus more on two parts, first the policies (as the ways to reduce the risks in global term), and second the technical solutions (as the ways to reduce the risks in local term). - Finally, in the conclusion, the comparison between those two methods will be done propose a practical strategy which is a combination of both of the methods, and there will be some suggestions.
Al giorno d'oggi, le persone in tutto il mondo sono vulnerabili, responsabili anche dei cambiamenti del regime climatico del pianeta Terra. Oltre agli impatti dei cambiamenti climatici, i rischi naturali possono avere un impatto anche sulla vita umana. La maggior parte delle attività svolte dall'uomo provoca l'aumento delle emissioni di gas serra che a sua volta porta ad altre conseguenze come l'aumento della temperatura superficiale, l'aumento del tasso di scioglimento dei ghiacci, l'innalzamento del livello del mare e le inondazioni, ma da altri aggirando altri problemi come la siccità. Inoltre, esistono altri tipi di rischi naturali che possono avere gravi ripercussioni sulla vita delle persone e impatti finanziari, come i terremoti. Tutti questi eventi possono avere un impatto sul mondo in diversi campi come la salute umana, la produzione alimentare, l'industria del turismo, i beni culturali e così via. Una delle aree che riveste una grande importanza per le persone è l'ambiente edificato, poiché è il luogo in cui le persone vivono, lavorano e trascorrono la maggior parte del loro tempo. Nel corso degli anni, sono stati fatti molti sforzi a livello globale e nazionale per mitigare il rischio di tali eventi. Alcune delle soluzioni sono nel tipo di politiche che tutti i paesi del mondo devono seguire, come i limiti proposti nell'accordo di Parigi che obbligano i paesi a ridurre le proprie emissioni di GHG fino a un certo livello nei prossimi anni. Mentre, alcune altre soluzioni sono a livello nazionale in cui, ogni paese ha proposto alcune soluzioni tecniche e ingegneristiche per resistere ai rischi naturali, come la costruzione di dighe e bacini di ritenzione per mitigare il rischio di inondazioni, o cercare di educare le persone al fine di sapere come affrontare il terremoto. Ognuna di queste soluzioni presenta alcuni vantaggi e svantaggi. Questa tesi ha cercato di trovare alcuni esempi dell'utilizzo di questi diversi metodi e dei loro pro e contro, al fine di avere una visione generale su questo tipo di eventi legati al clima e sui rischi naturali per ridurne le conseguenze in futuro. Per questo motivo la tesi è così strutturata: - Una panoramica generale sul cambiamento climatico e sui rischi naturali e le loro conseguenze può influenzare il mondo in termini generali e paesi. - Valutare i diversi campi che sono stati interessati dal cambiamento climatico e dai rischi naturali. L'attenzione maggiore sarà sulla parte dell'ambiente costruito e spiegherà la sua importanza per la vita umana. - Valutare i parametri relativi ai rischi legati al cambiamento climatico e ai rischi naturali. Per questo motivo verranno spiegate le modalità per misurare i loro impatti in termini qualitativi e quantitativi. - Spiegare i modi in generale per ridurre questi rischi e concentrarsi maggiormente su due parti, in primo luogo le politiche (come modi per ridurre i rischi a livello globale) e in secondo luogo le soluzioni tecniche (come modi per ridurre i rischi a livello locale termine). - Infine, nella conclusione, il confronto tra questi due metodi verrà proposto proponendo una strategia pratica che sia una combinazione di entrambi i metodi, e ci saranno alcuni suggerimenti.
Policies and technical solutions to mitigate and adapt the climate change and natural hazards risk in the built environment
Fereydooni Eftekhari, Alireza
2021/2022
Abstract
Nowadays, the people all around the world are vulnerable, also responsible for the changes in the climatic regime of the planet Earth. Added to the climate change impacts, natural hazards can impact the human life too. Most of the activities which are done by human causes the increase to the Green House Gas emissions which in turn leads to other consequences like increasing the surface temperature, increase the rate of ice-melting, rising the sea level, and flooding, but from other way round other problems like drought. Also, there exist other kind of natural hazards which can have serious impacts on the people life and financial impacts, like earthquakes. All of these events can impact the world in different fields like human health, food production, tourism industry, cultural heritages and so forth. One of the areas which has a great importance for the people is the built environment, since it is the place in which the people are living, working, and spending most of their time. During the years, there were done a lot of efforts in global and national level in order to mitigate the risk of those events. Some of the solutions are in type of policies that all the countries all around the world have to follow, like the limits that were proposed in Paris Agreement that oblige the countries to decrease their GHG emissions up to a certain level in the next years. While, some other solutions are in national level in which, each country proposed some technical and engineering solutions to resist against the natural hazards, like construction of dams and retention reservoirs to mitigate the risk of flooding, or trying to educate the people in order to know how to face the earthquake. Each of these solutions have some advantages and disadvantages. This thesis tried to find some examples of using these different methods and their pros and cons, in order to have a general insight about these kind of climate-related events and natural hazards to decrease their consequences in the future. For this reason, the thesis is structured as follows: - A general overview about the climate change and natural hazards and their consequences can affect the world in overall term and countries. - Evaluate the different fields which were affected by the climate change and natural hazard. The more focus will be on the part of built environment and explain its importance on the human life. - Assess the parameters related to the risks related to the climate change and natural hazards. For this reason, the ways to measure their impacts in qualitative and quantitative terms will be explained. - Explain the ways in general term to reduce these risks, and focus more on two parts, first the policies (as the ways to reduce the risks in global term), and second the technical solutions (as the ways to reduce the risks in local term). - Finally, in the conclusion, the comparison between those two methods will be done propose a practical strategy which is a combination of both of the methods, and there will be some suggestions.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/192239