Energy efficiency has a key role in the European Union energy strategy and the building end use sector is considered as one of the most attractive for energy savings. Within the building sector, residential buildings have a large share. Therefore, the present study proposes an analysis of a possible improvement in the energy efficiency of a Italian residential building, located in Milan. The construction sector, in particular, is one of the main causes of pollution, due to the excessive emissions released into the environment as a result of the processes of heating and cooling systems in buildings. The latter are estimated to be responsible for the 40% European Union energy consumption [1], thus it is of great importance to reduce their consumption and to improve their carbon footprint. Therefore, a turnaround is required, entrusted to the design of new buildings with a reduced annual energy requirement, supported by the inclusion of systems powered by Renewable Energy Sources (RES). Indeed, new guidelines, policies and rating systems have been created in order to give a common methodology and a working pathway able to follow the so called "NZEB" (Nearly Zero Energy Building) concept. The European energy policies introduced the Nearly Zero Energy Building (NZEB) objective (Directive, 2010/31/EU and 2018/844/UE) to stimulate the energy transition of the construction sector. The European Commission defines the Nearly zero-emission building (NZEB) as a building that has a very high energy performance, while the nearly zero or very low amount of energy required should be covered to a very significant extent by energy from renewable sources, including energy from renewable sources produced on-site or nearby. According to the directive’s proposal, a zero emission building is defined as a building with a very high energy performance, with the very low amount of energy still required fully covered by energy from renewable sources and without on-site carbon emissions from fossil fuels. The European Union is focusing on the NZEB target, trying to respond effectively to the problems that, particularly in the last decades, are affecting the environment: pollution, resource depletion, global warming. The climate change perceived by society today is nothing more than the result of past political, economic and technical choices, no longer in conformity with the present needs. The objective of a NZEB is not only to minimize the energy consumption of the building with passive design methods, but also to design a building that balances energy requirements with active energy production techniques and renewable technologies (for example, BIPV, solar thermal or wind turbines). The management on the supply side involves optimization techniques of the energy produced, e.g. use of maximum power point tracking system for photovoltaics and wind generators, energy storage management or feeding the extra energy produced to the grid. The Commission’s proposal to revise the directive (December 2021) makes a step forward from current NZEB to zero-emission building (ZEB), aligning the energy performance requirement for new buildings to the longer-term climate neutrality goal and “energy efficiency first principle”. Moreover, EU programs, specifically “Horizon 2020”, promote the NZEB design and also its evolution, namely the Positive Energy Building (PEB) model. Positive Energy Buildings (PEBs) could be a new target, through their contribution to the energy support of other buildings connected to them, producing more energy than necessary to their needs. The whole project aspects, from the building envelope to the thermal power plant, have been developed considering the European Commission directive, adapting it to the constraints related to the Italian law and to the particular location of the residential complex, as will be explained in the following sections.
L'efficientamento energetico svolge un ruolo chiave nella strategia energetica dell'Unione europea e il settore dell'edilizia è considerato uno dei più attraenti per il risparmio energetico. All'interno del settore edile, gli edifici residenziali hanno una grande rilevanza. Pertanto, il presente studio propone un'analisi di un possibile miglioramento dell'efficienza energetica di un edificio residenziale italiano, situato a Milano. Il settore delle costruzioni, in particolare, è una delle principali cause di inquinamento, a causa delle eccessive emissioni rilasciate nell'ambiente a causa dei processi di riscaldamento e raffreddamento degli impianti negli edifici. Si stima che questi ultimi siano responsabili del 40% del consumo energetico dell'Unione europea [1], pertanto è di grande importanza ridurre il loro consumo e migliorare la loro impronta di carbonio. È quindi necessaria una svolta, affidata alla progettazione di nuovi edifici con un ridotto fabbisogno energetico annuo, supportato dall'inserimento di impianti alimentati da Fonti Rinnovabili. Infatti, sono state create nuove linee guida, politiche e sistemi di certificazioni al fine di fornire una metodologia comune e un percorso di lavoro in grado di seguire il cosiddetto concetto "NZEB" (Nearly Zero Energy Building). Le politiche energetiche europee hanno introdotto l'obiettivo dell'edificio a energia quasi zero (NZEB) (direttiva 2010/31/UE e 2018/844/UE) per stimolare la transizione energetica del settore delle costruzioni. La Commissione europea definisce l'edificio a emissioni quasi zero (NZEB) come un edificio che ha un rendimento energetico molto elevato, mentre la quantità di energia quasi zero o molto bassa richiesta dovrebbe essere coperta in misura molto significativa da energia da fonti rinnovabili, compresa l'energia da fonti rinnovabili prodotta in loco o nelle vicinanze. Un'altra possibile definizione, sempre secondo la proposta della direttiva, un edificio a emissioni zero è definito come un edificio con un rendimento energetico molto elevato, con la bassissima quantità di energia ancora richiesta interamente coperta da energia da fonti rinnovabili e senza emissioni di carbonio in loco da combustibili fossili. L'Unione europea si sta concentrando sull'obiettivo NZEB, cercando di rispondere efficacemente ai problemi che, soprattutto negli ultimi decenni, stanno colpendo l'ambiente: inquinamento, esaurimento delle risorse, riscaldamento globale. Il cambiamento climatico percepito oggi dalla società non è altro che il risultato di passate scelte politiche, economiche e tecniche, non più conformi alle esigenze attuali. L'obiettivo di un NZEB non è solo quello di minimizzare il consumo energetico dell'edificio con metodi di progettazione passiva, ma anche di progettare un edificio che bilancia il fabbisogno energetico con le tecniche di produzione di energia attiva e le tecnologie rinnovabili (per esempio, BIPV, solare termico o eolico). La gestione sul lato dell'offerta prevede tecniche di ottimizzazione dell'energia prodotta, ad es. l'utilizzo del sistema di tracciamento del punto di massima potenza per fotovoltaici e generatori eolici, la gestione dell'accumulo di energia o l'alimentazione dell'energia extra prodotta alla rete. La proposta della Commissione di rivedere la direttiva (dicembre 2021) compie un passo avanti dall'attuale NZEB all'edificio a emissioni zero (ZEB), allineando il requisito di prestazione energetica per i nuovi edifici all'obiettivo di neutralità climatica a lungo termine e "primo principio di efficienza energetica". Inoltre, i programmi UE, in particolare "Horizon 2020", promuovono il design NZEB e anche la sua evoluzione, vale a dire il modello Positive Energy Building (PEB). Gli edifici ad energia positiva (PEB) potrebbero essere un nuovo obiettivo, attraverso il loro contributo al sostegno energetico di altri edifici ad essi collegati, producendo più energia del necessario per il loro fabbisogno. L'intero progetto, dall'involucro edilizio alla centrale termoelettrica, è stato sviluppato tenendo conto della direttiva della Commissione Europea, adeguandola ai vincoli legati alla legge italiana e alla particolare ubicazione del complesso residenziale, come verrà spiegato nelle sezioni seguenti.
Energy efficiency of a luxury residential complex located in Milan
Ciancaglini, Gennaro Marco
2021/2022
Abstract
Energy efficiency has a key role in the European Union energy strategy and the building end use sector is considered as one of the most attractive for energy savings. Within the building sector, residential buildings have a large share. Therefore, the present study proposes an analysis of a possible improvement in the energy efficiency of a Italian residential building, located in Milan. The construction sector, in particular, is one of the main causes of pollution, due to the excessive emissions released into the environment as a result of the processes of heating and cooling systems in buildings. The latter are estimated to be responsible for the 40% European Union energy consumption [1], thus it is of great importance to reduce their consumption and to improve their carbon footprint. Therefore, a turnaround is required, entrusted to the design of new buildings with a reduced annual energy requirement, supported by the inclusion of systems powered by Renewable Energy Sources (RES). Indeed, new guidelines, policies and rating systems have been created in order to give a common methodology and a working pathway able to follow the so called "NZEB" (Nearly Zero Energy Building) concept. The European energy policies introduced the Nearly Zero Energy Building (NZEB) objective (Directive, 2010/31/EU and 2018/844/UE) to stimulate the energy transition of the construction sector. The European Commission defines the Nearly zero-emission building (NZEB) as a building that has a very high energy performance, while the nearly zero or very low amount of energy required should be covered to a very significant extent by energy from renewable sources, including energy from renewable sources produced on-site or nearby. According to the directive’s proposal, a zero emission building is defined as a building with a very high energy performance, with the very low amount of energy still required fully covered by energy from renewable sources and without on-site carbon emissions from fossil fuels. The European Union is focusing on the NZEB target, trying to respond effectively to the problems that, particularly in the last decades, are affecting the environment: pollution, resource depletion, global warming. The climate change perceived by society today is nothing more than the result of past political, economic and technical choices, no longer in conformity with the present needs. The objective of a NZEB is not only to minimize the energy consumption of the building with passive design methods, but also to design a building that balances energy requirements with active energy production techniques and renewable technologies (for example, BIPV, solar thermal or wind turbines). The management on the supply side involves optimization techniques of the energy produced, e.g. use of maximum power point tracking system for photovoltaics and wind generators, energy storage management or feeding the extra energy produced to the grid. The Commission’s proposal to revise the directive (December 2021) makes a step forward from current NZEB to zero-emission building (ZEB), aligning the energy performance requirement for new buildings to the longer-term climate neutrality goal and “energy efficiency first principle”. Moreover, EU programs, specifically “Horizon 2020”, promote the NZEB design and also its evolution, namely the Positive Energy Building (PEB) model. Positive Energy Buildings (PEBs) could be a new target, through their contribution to the energy support of other buildings connected to them, producing more energy than necessary to their needs. The whole project aspects, from the building envelope to the thermal power plant, have been developed considering the European Commission directive, adapting it to the constraints related to the Italian law and to the particular location of the residential complex, as will be explained in the following sections.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Master Thesis.pdf
accessibile in internet solo dagli utenti autorizzati
Descrizione: Master Thesis by Gennaro Marco Ciancaglini
Dimensione
14.4 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
14.4 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
I documenti in POLITesi sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/10589/195021