Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) are blockchain-based unique digital tokens representing ownership of digital or physical content such as artworks, game objects, and collectibles. Their unique attributes perfectly apply to the world of art, and they are significantly influencing it. The innovations behind the NFTs and their skyrocketed trading prices make them a popular topic in the news and social media, but little is known about their stakeholders’ perceptions and practices with the technology. In the master thesis, the current state of affairs between NFTs and the art sector is presented, identifying opportunities, whilst highlighting challenges. Indeed, the centers of the following analysis are digital artists, museums, and NFT collectors. Through an exploratory qualitative study in which 5 digital artists, 2 museums, and 1 museum partner were interviewed, for each stakeholder, a value chain was constructed and the relative use cases, opportunities, and challenges & threats were identified. For digital artists, NFT technology brought digital art, previously consider secondary class art, to the fore enabling its offering and trading in its native format. Furthermore, the validation of new artistic tools, the establishment of a new art market, and irrefutable masterpieces proof of authenticity create noteworthy opportunities for these stakeholders. However, these positivities are juxtaposed by the various risks involved. Specifically, as in the traditional art world, a very small number of artists reap the majority of the market's profits. Furthermore, high gas fees and the cryptocurrency market volatility could significantly impact artists' pockets. For museums, seven different NFT use cases have been identified. The most remarkable are employing NFTs for fundraising, for physical museum collections, and as proof of authenticity. Museums, on the other hand, face numerous risks. In particular, environmental considerations, the near complete absence of regulations, and malicious use of technology influence museums, the majority of which remain largely skeptical. Eventually, for collectors, the NFT technology creates singular possibilities for the artwork displaying and secondary market. However, numerous risks are involved due to the high volatility of the NFT market and the difficulties in detecting phishing and scams. Ultimately, a huge challenge must be faced by European institutions: regulations are needed to construct an NFT safe environment where agents are protected without bureaucratizing the currently simple and dynamic context.
Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) sono token digitali unici basati su blockchain che rappresentano la proprietà di contenuti digitali o fisici come opere d'arte e oggetti collezionabili. Le loro caratteristiche uniche si applicano perfettamente al mondo dell'arte e lo stanno influenzando in maniera significativa. Le innovazioni alla base dei NFT e i loro prezzi di scambio alle stelle li rendono un argomento popolare nei notiziari e nei social media, ma poco è conosciuto delle esperienze e delle pratiche degli stakeholder nei confronti di questa tecnologia. In questa tesi di laurea magistrale viene presentato lo stato attuale delle relazioni tra gli NFT e il settore dell'arte, identificando le opportunità e mettendo in evidenza le sfide. Il centro dell'analisi sono infatti gli artisti digitali, i musei e i collezionisti di NFT. Attraverso uno studio qualitativo esplorativo in cui sono stati intervistati 5 artisti digitali, 2 musei e 1 partner museale, per ogni stakeholder è stata costruita una catena del valore e sono stati identificati i relativi casi d'uso, le opportunità, le sfide e le minacce. Per gli artisti digitali, la tecnologia NFT ha portato alla ribalta l'arte digitale, precedentemente considerata di secondaria importanza, consentendone l'offerta e la commercializzazione nel suo formato nativo. Inoltre, la convalida di nuovi strumenti artistici, la creazione di un nuovo mercato dell'arte e l'inconfutabile prova di autenticità dei capolavori creano notevoli opportunità per questi soggetti. Tuttavia, a questi aspetti positivi si contrappongono i vari rischi. In particolare, come nel mondo dell'arte tradizionale, un numero molto ristretto di artisti raccoglie la maggior parte dei profitti del mercato. Inoltre, le elevate gas fees e la volatilità del mercato delle criptovalute hanno un impatto significativo sui profitti degli artisti. Per i musei sono stati identificati sette diversi casi d'uso degli NFT. I più importanti sono l'utilizzo dei NFT per la raccolta di fondi, come esposizione di collezioni fisiche e come prova di autenticità. I musei, d'altra parte, devono affrontare numerosi rischi. In particolare, le considerazioni di carattere ambientale, la quasi totale assenza di normative e l'uso malevolo della tecnologia influenzano i musei la cui maggioranza rimane largamente scettica. Infine, per i collezionisti, la tecnologia NFT crea singolari possibilità per l'esposizione di opere d'arte e il mercato secondario. Tuttavia, i rischi sono numerosi a causa dell'elevata volatilità del mercato NFT e della difficoltà di individuare phishing e truffe. In definitiva, le istituzioni europee devono affrontare un'enorme sfida: è necessaria una regolamentazione per costruire un ambiente sicuro per gli NFT, in cui gli agenti siano protetti senza burocratizzare un contesto attualmente semplice e dinamico.
Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) in the art industry : stakeholders, value chains, opportunities, challenges and threats
ANDRETTA, FILIPPO
2021/2022
Abstract
Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) are blockchain-based unique digital tokens representing ownership of digital or physical content such as artworks, game objects, and collectibles. Their unique attributes perfectly apply to the world of art, and they are significantly influencing it. The innovations behind the NFTs and their skyrocketed trading prices make them a popular topic in the news and social media, but little is known about their stakeholders’ perceptions and practices with the technology. In the master thesis, the current state of affairs between NFTs and the art sector is presented, identifying opportunities, whilst highlighting challenges. Indeed, the centers of the following analysis are digital artists, museums, and NFT collectors. Through an exploratory qualitative study in which 5 digital artists, 2 museums, and 1 museum partner were interviewed, for each stakeholder, a value chain was constructed and the relative use cases, opportunities, and challenges & threats were identified. For digital artists, NFT technology brought digital art, previously consider secondary class art, to the fore enabling its offering and trading in its native format. Furthermore, the validation of new artistic tools, the establishment of a new art market, and irrefutable masterpieces proof of authenticity create noteworthy opportunities for these stakeholders. However, these positivities are juxtaposed by the various risks involved. Specifically, as in the traditional art world, a very small number of artists reap the majority of the market's profits. Furthermore, high gas fees and the cryptocurrency market volatility could significantly impact artists' pockets. For museums, seven different NFT use cases have been identified. The most remarkable are employing NFTs for fundraising, for physical museum collections, and as proof of authenticity. Museums, on the other hand, face numerous risks. In particular, environmental considerations, the near complete absence of regulations, and malicious use of technology influence museums, the majority of which remain largely skeptical. Eventually, for collectors, the NFT technology creates singular possibilities for the artwork displaying and secondary market. However, numerous risks are involved due to the high volatility of the NFT market and the difficulties in detecting phishing and scams. Ultimately, a huge challenge must be faced by European institutions: regulations are needed to construct an NFT safe environment where agents are protected without bureaucratizing the currently simple and dynamic context.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/195232