The present work aims to identify cost-effective and sustainable solutions to supply electricity and water to developing countries, in particular using a hybrid system consisting of a 20 kW downdraft gasifier and photovoltaics. The completed project will be used by the NGO Manos Unidas as a mean to estimate the costs, performance and potential of this system and will help investigate the advantages that gasification can provide in economic, environmental and exploitation terms of the residual biomass present on site. Initially, a focus is made on the numbers and the situation of energy need in the world, observing what are the initiatives and objectives to fulfill the deficiencies. The picture of the energy conversion processes starting from biomass is illustrated in a clear and schematic way. Among these there is gasification, which is exhaustively explained and classified according to existing types, processes and technologies, with a main focus on downdraft gasification, whose principles and sub-processes are explained in detail. After providing the above information, it is possible to move on to the calculation part. In order to provide broader results, nine of the most common types of residual biomass are selected. Using the experimental data, a detailed calculation procedure is developed which, starting from the raw biomass, transforms it into syngas. Then, this gas mix passes through a heat exchanger to heat water for sanitary purposes, to finally be burned inside an engine to produce electricity. In this calculation phase, all main and auxiliary equipment are selected from real catalogs. At this point, a rural community in Nigeria is identified in the vicinity of a chicken farm, whose manure is a valuable resource that can be used inside the gasifier. The loads and needs of this population are identified and, after hypothesizing a load profile, a process of LCOE minimization was developed through a MATLAB code. After having identified the investment and O&M costs and all the necessary parameters, it has been found an optimal solution that couples in the cheapest way the gasification and photovoltaic technology with their relative auxiliary elements. Finally, having defined in detail all the elements that make up the project, it is possible to estimate the total investment. Separately from all the calculations developed, it has been elaborated a zero-dimensional model which allows to predict the composition of the syngas and its calorific value starting from the elemental composition of each biomass. The results are compared and validated with the experimental data of the same biomasses chosen in the calculation phase. This tool allows to obtain immediate, economic and on average acceptable estimates on the productivity of gasification.
Il presente lavoro mira ad individuare soluzioni economicamente vantaggiose e sostenibili per fornire energia elettrica e acqua ai paesi in via di sviluppo, in particolare utilizzando un sistema ibrido costituito da un gassificatore di tipo downdraft da 20 kW e da pannelli fotovoltaici. Il progetto ultimato verrà utilizzato dall’ONG Manos Unidas come mezzo per stimare i costi, le performances e le potenzialità di tale sistema ed aiuterà a investigare i vantaggi che la gassificazione può fornire in termini economici, ambientali e di valorizzazione delle biomasse residuali presenti in loco. Inizialmente viene fatto un focus sui numeri e sulla situazione di necessità energetica nel mondo, osservando quali sono le iniziative e gli obiettivi per ottemperare alle deficienze. Viene illustrato, in maniera chiara e schematica, il quadro dei processi di conversione energetica a partire dalla biomassa. Tra questi vi è la gassificazione, che viene esaustivamente spiegata e classificata in base ai tipi, ai processi e alle tecnologie esistenti, fino ad arrivare alla gassificazione di tipo downdraft, i cui principi e sottoprocessi sono spiegati nel dettaglio. Dopo aver fornito le suddette informazioni, è possibile passare alla parte di calcolo. Al fine di fornire dei risultati più ampi, vengono selezionati nove tipi di biomasse residuali tra i più comuni. A partire dai dati sperimentali, viene sviluppata una procedura dettagliata di calcolo che, partendo dalla biomassa grezza, la trasforma in syngas. Tale mix di gas passa poi per uno scambiatore di calore per riscaldare acqua finalizzata ad usi sanitari, per poi essere combusto all’interno di un motore per la produzione di energia elettrica. In tale fase di calcolo, tutte le apparecchiature principali e ausiliari sono accuratamente selezionate da cataloghi reali. A questo punto viene identificata una comunità rurale, in Nigeria, nelle vicinanze di una fattoria di polli, il cui letame è una valorosa risorsa da poter utilizzare all’interno del gassificatore. Vengono identificati i carichi e le necessità di tale popolazione e, dopo aver ipotizzato un profilo di carico, è stato sviluppato un processo di minimizzazione dell’LCOE attraverso un codice MATLAB. Dopo aver inserito i costi di investimento e di manutenzione ed aver inserito tutti i parametri necessari, è stata trovata una soluzione ottima che coadiuva nella maniera più economica la tecnologia della gassificazione e quella fotovoltaica con i loro relativi elementi ausiliari. Avendo definito dettagliatamente tutti gli elementi che costituiscono il progetto, è possibile stimare l’investimento totale. Separatamente da tutti i calcoli sviluppati, viene elaborato un modello zero-dimensionale che premette di predire la composizione del syngas e il suo potere calorifico a partire dalla composizione elementare di ogni biomassa. I risultati vengono comparati e convalidati con i dati sperimentali delle stesse biomasse scelte in fase di calcolo. Tale strumento consente di ottenere stime immediate, economiche e mediamente accettabili sulla produttività della gassificazione.
Design of a hybrid system to generate electricity by gasification of residual biomass and photovoltaic generation for different uses in developing countries
PECORARO, SALVATORE
2021/2022
Abstract
The present work aims to identify cost-effective and sustainable solutions to supply electricity and water to developing countries, in particular using a hybrid system consisting of a 20 kW downdraft gasifier and photovoltaics. The completed project will be used by the NGO Manos Unidas as a mean to estimate the costs, performance and potential of this system and will help investigate the advantages that gasification can provide in economic, environmental and exploitation terms of the residual biomass present on site. Initially, a focus is made on the numbers and the situation of energy need in the world, observing what are the initiatives and objectives to fulfill the deficiencies. The picture of the energy conversion processes starting from biomass is illustrated in a clear and schematic way. Among these there is gasification, which is exhaustively explained and classified according to existing types, processes and technologies, with a main focus on downdraft gasification, whose principles and sub-processes are explained in detail. After providing the above information, it is possible to move on to the calculation part. In order to provide broader results, nine of the most common types of residual biomass are selected. Using the experimental data, a detailed calculation procedure is developed which, starting from the raw biomass, transforms it into syngas. Then, this gas mix passes through a heat exchanger to heat water for sanitary purposes, to finally be burned inside an engine to produce electricity. In this calculation phase, all main and auxiliary equipment are selected from real catalogs. At this point, a rural community in Nigeria is identified in the vicinity of a chicken farm, whose manure is a valuable resource that can be used inside the gasifier. The loads and needs of this population are identified and, after hypothesizing a load profile, a process of LCOE minimization was developed through a MATLAB code. After having identified the investment and O&M costs and all the necessary parameters, it has been found an optimal solution that couples in the cheapest way the gasification and photovoltaic technology with their relative auxiliary elements. Finally, having defined in detail all the elements that make up the project, it is possible to estimate the total investment. Separately from all the calculations developed, it has been elaborated a zero-dimensional model which allows to predict the composition of the syngas and its calorific value starting from the elemental composition of each biomass. The results are compared and validated with the experimental data of the same biomasses chosen in the calculation phase. This tool allows to obtain immediate, economic and on average acceptable estimates on the productivity of gasification.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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MSc Thesis Salvatore Pecoraro.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/195372