The intense development that terahertz (THz) technology experienced during the last few decades gave access to multiple techniques to generate and detect these low-frequency fields. Such progress is the result of an extensive effort put by researchers, encouraged by the numerous molecular spectral signatures found within this range and by the low energy carried by these photons, features that are exploited in various applications such as time-domain spectroscopy, imaging, nondestructive inspections, etc. Besides electro-optic sampling (EOS), one of the most diffuse strategies to coherently detect THz transients, another approach has gained more and more attention lately and it consists in the homodyne detection of the so called terahertz-field-induced second-harmonic (TFISH) signal, induced by a four-wave mixing process. Conversely to EOS, whose corresponding spectra are distorted due to interactions with phonons in the crystals, the TFISH-based detection in centrosymmetric media is "vibration-free" in the THz region and the mixing with an external local oscillator (LO) field yields the opportunity to potentially bridge the gap between classical and quantum THz sensing, by giving access to both generalized quadratures of the electromagnetic field. The main objective of this work was to conceive, assemble and optimize an optical setup for field-resolved detection of THz pulses based on the TFISH process in solid-state media. After being generated via optical rectification (OR), a second-order nonlinearity, driven by a 1550 nm laser source emitting 50 fs pulses, the THz transients were first characterized via EOS to set a benchmark of our THz source and to ensure a proper generation process, facilitating the successful proof-of-principle detection of the TFISH signal. For efficient detection, it was necessary to fine-tune the focusing and collection optics and to determine suitable materials for the TFISH process via numerical simulations of the corresponding phase matching conditions. Detection of the low-frequency transients, generated via OR in a 500µm-thick ZnTe substrate, was achieved via linear mixing of the TFISH signal with a second-harmonic bias, with a decent signal-to-noise ratio (SNR of 25 with 500 ms integration time for each data point) and with spectral components comprised mainly between 0.5 and 2.5 THz, comparable with the bandwidth obtained via EOS measurements. Distortions in the temporal trace, particularly the long-lasting oscillations after the trailing edge, and the appearance in the corresponding spectrum of narrow spectral drops, matching some of the strongest tabulated water vapor resonances, suggested that the generated THz field excited some of the vibrational modes of water vapor molecules. In the meantime, additional evaluations were realized to further show the nature of the TFISH process as a third-order nonlinear phenomenon. Finally, measurements of both quadratures of the generated THz field were successfully carried out by simply applying a π/2 variation to the relative phase term of the TFISH- LO interference, validating the potentiality of this approach to be used for quantum applications.
Il forte sviluppo che la tecnologia terahertz (THz) ha sperimentato negli ultimi decenni ha dato accesso a molteplici tecniche per generare e rilevare questi campi a bassa frequenza. Un tal progresso è il risultato di un ampio sforzo da parte dei ricercatori, incoraggiati dalle numerose impronte spettrali molecolari che si trovano all'interno di questo intervallo e dalla bassa energia trasportata dai fotoni, proprietà che vengono sfruttate in varie applicazioni come la spettroscopia nel dominio temporale, l'imaging, le ispezioni non distruttive, ecc. Oltre al campionamento elettro-ottico (EOS ), una delle strategie più diffuse per rilevare in modo coerente i transitori THz, un altro approccio che ha guadagnato sempre più attenzione negli ultimi tempi consiste nel rilevamento omodino del cosiddetto segnale terahertz-field-induced second-harmonic (TFISH ), indotto da un processo a quattro onde. Al contrario dell'EOS, i cui spettri sono distorti a causa delle interazioni con i fononi nei cristalli, il rilevamento basato su TFISH in materiali centrosimmetrici è "privo di vibrazioni" nella regione THz e l'interferenza con un oscillatore (LO) offre l'opportunità di potenzialmente colmare il divario tra rilevamento locale esterno THz classico e quello quantistico, essendo capace di misurare entrambe le quadrature generalizzate del campo elettromagnetico. L'obiettivo principale di questo lavoro era concepire, assemblare e ottimizzare un apparato sperimentale per il rilevamento di impulsi THz basato sul processo TFISH in materiali a stato solido. Dopo essere stati generati tramite rettificazione ottica (OR), una non linearità del secondo ordine, eccitata da una sorgente laser a 1550 nm che emette impulsi a 50 fs, i transitori THz sono stati misurati tramite EOS con il fine di stabilire un punto di riferimento della sorgente THz e ottimizzare il processo di generazione, facilitando il complicato rilevamento del segnale TFISH. Per raggiungere i nostri obiettivi, è stato necessario mettere a punto l'allineamento degli elementi ottici di messa a fuoco e raccolta, e individuare i materiali adatti per il processo TFISH tramite simulazioni numeriche delle corrispondenti condizioni di corrispondenza di fase. Il rilevamento dei transitori a bassa frequenza, generati tramite OR in un substrato di ZnTe spesso 500µm, è stato ottenuto tramite la tecnica TFISH con un buon rapporto segnale su rumore (SNR di 25 con tempo di integrazione di 500 ms per ogni punto) e con componenti spettrali comprese principalmente tra 0,5 e 2,5 THz, paragonabili alla larghezza di banda ottenuta tramite misure EOS. Le distorsioni nella traccia temporale, in particolare le oscillazioni di lunga durata dopo l'impulso principale, e l'apparizione nello spettro di strette linee di assorbimento, corrispondenti ad alcune delle più forti risonanze di vapore acqueo tabulate, sembrano suggerire che il campo THz generato ecciti alcuni dei moti vibrazionali di tali molecole. In parallelo, sono state e ettuate ulteriori valutazioni per dimostrare la natura del processo TFISH come fenomeno non lineare del terzo ordine. Infine, le misurazioni di entrambe le quadrature del campo THz sono state eseguite con successo, semplicemente applicando una variazione π/2al termine di fase relativo all'interferenza TFISH-LO, convalidando la potenzialità di questo approccio per applicazioni quantistiche.
Field-resolved detection of terahertz pulses based on a four-wave mixing nonlinearity
SCAGLIA, MARCO
2021/2022
Abstract
The intense development that terahertz (THz) technology experienced during the last few decades gave access to multiple techniques to generate and detect these low-frequency fields. Such progress is the result of an extensive effort put by researchers, encouraged by the numerous molecular spectral signatures found within this range and by the low energy carried by these photons, features that are exploited in various applications such as time-domain spectroscopy, imaging, nondestructive inspections, etc. Besides electro-optic sampling (EOS), one of the most diffuse strategies to coherently detect THz transients, another approach has gained more and more attention lately and it consists in the homodyne detection of the so called terahertz-field-induced second-harmonic (TFISH) signal, induced by a four-wave mixing process. Conversely to EOS, whose corresponding spectra are distorted due to interactions with phonons in the crystals, the TFISH-based detection in centrosymmetric media is "vibration-free" in the THz region and the mixing with an external local oscillator (LO) field yields the opportunity to potentially bridge the gap between classical and quantum THz sensing, by giving access to both generalized quadratures of the electromagnetic field. The main objective of this work was to conceive, assemble and optimize an optical setup for field-resolved detection of THz pulses based on the TFISH process in solid-state media. After being generated via optical rectification (OR), a second-order nonlinearity, driven by a 1550 nm laser source emitting 50 fs pulses, the THz transients were first characterized via EOS to set a benchmark of our THz source and to ensure a proper generation process, facilitating the successful proof-of-principle detection of the TFISH signal. For efficient detection, it was necessary to fine-tune the focusing and collection optics and to determine suitable materials for the TFISH process via numerical simulations of the corresponding phase matching conditions. Detection of the low-frequency transients, generated via OR in a 500µm-thick ZnTe substrate, was achieved via linear mixing of the TFISH signal with a second-harmonic bias, with a decent signal-to-noise ratio (SNR of 25 with 500 ms integration time for each data point) and with spectral components comprised mainly between 0.5 and 2.5 THz, comparable with the bandwidth obtained via EOS measurements. Distortions in the temporal trace, particularly the long-lasting oscillations after the trailing edge, and the appearance in the corresponding spectrum of narrow spectral drops, matching some of the strongest tabulated water vapor resonances, suggested that the generated THz field excited some of the vibrational modes of water vapor molecules. In the meantime, additional evaluations were realized to further show the nature of the TFISH process as a third-order nonlinear phenomenon. Finally, measurements of both quadratures of the generated THz field were successfully carried out by simply applying a π/2 variation to the relative phase term of the TFISH- LO interference, validating the potentiality of this approach to be used for quantum applications.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/195861