This thesis focuses on the development of a mathematical model for the adsorption, onto calcium alginate, of “nitrogen” coming from poultry manure, in order to lower the ammoniacal nitrogen concentration, otherwise able to inhibit anaerobic digestion, which is a process to produce biogas. However, first of all, the equilibrium ammonia-ammonium ion has been studied depending on temperature and pH. Then, the hydrolysis of uric acid to ammonia has been modeled through a simplified first-order kinetic model and, exploiting experimental data, the reaction rate constant has been estimated, highlighting a “high” characteristic time. Eventually, the adsorption of ammonium onto calcium alginate particles has been investigated through a “Langmuir-type” equation, obtaining a model to describe the reduction of ammoniacal nitrogen concentration in the poultry manure, over time (a characteristic time has also been defined, obtaining “low” values). A simplified approach has been proposed too. However, in order to reuse the adsorbent material, also desorption has been investigated, with good results in the case of the use of “pure” water. Then, a possible real system, based mainly on a hydrolyzer/adsorber (CSTR) and a desorber, has been studied (through material balances and simulations). In the second part of the thesis, instead, the possible implementation of adsorption systems coupled with a biodigester to generate biogas (and, potentially, with the facilities to produce biomethane) has been investigated: in the EU, under the hypothesis of wanting to reduce the dependency on the Russian natural gas; in Africa and developing Asia, to improve the access to “clean cooking” (lowering the health problems related to polluting fuels). Thus, a “priority coefficient” has been defined to identify countries of interest. Eventually, the poultry market has been investigated through data that highlight its growth and its relevance in the food industry. In the thesis, several references to the sustainability aspects of the analyzed topics have been proposed. This thesis improves the knowledge about the use of residues from poultry farms with an approach able to improve the sustainability of the food and energy sectors, also addressing real relevant issues still present in the food context.
Questa tesi si concentra sullo sviluppo di un modello matematico per l’adsorbimento, su alginato di calcio, di “azoto” derivante dalla pollina (sterco di polli), al fine di diminuire così la concentrazione di azoto ammoniacale altrimenti capace di inibire la digestione anaerobica, che è un processo per produrre biogas. Comunque, innanzitutto, l’equilibrio ammoniaca-ione ammonio è stato studiato in funzione di pH e temperatura. Dopodiché, l’idrolisi di acido urico a formare ammoniaca è stata modellata con un modello semplificato di cinetica del primo ordine e, sfruttando dati sperimentali, la costante di velocità è stata stimata, evidenziando un “alto” tempo caratteristico. Infine, l’adsorbimento dell’ammonio su particelle di alginato di calcio è stato investigato tramite un’equazione “di tipo Langmuir”, ottenendo un modello per descrivere la riduzione della concentrazione di azoto ammoniacale nella pollina, nel tempo (un tempo caratteristico è stato anche definito, ottenendo valori “bassi”). Inoltre, anche un approccio semplificato è stato proposto. Comunque, al fine di riusare il materiale adsorbente, anche il deadsorbimento è stato investigato, con buoni risultati nel caso di uso di acqua “pura”. Poi, un possibile sistema reale, basato principalmente su un idrolizzatore/adsorbitore (CSTR) e un desorbitore, è stato studiato (tramite bilanci materiali e simulazioni). Nella seconda parte della tesi, invece, la possibile implementazione di sistemi adsorbenti accoppiati con un biodigestore per generare biogas (e, potenzialmente, con servizi per produrre biometano) è stata investigata: nella UE, sotto l’ipotesi di voler ridurre la dipendenza dal gas naturale russo; in Africa e nell’Asia in via di sviluppo, per migliore l’accesso ad una “cucina pulita” (riducendo i problemi di salute legati a combustibili inquinanti). Perciò, un “coefficiente di priorità” è stato definito per identificare Paesi di interesse. Infine, il mercato del pollame è stato investigato con dati che evidenziano la sua crescita e la sua rilevanza nell’industria alimentare. Nella tesi, vari riferimenti agli aspetti di sostenibilità degli argomenti analizzati sono stati proposti. Questa tesi migliora la conoscenza sull’uso di residui da allevamenti di pollame con un approccio capace di migliorare la sostenibilità dei settori alimentare ed energetico, anche affrontando rilevanti problemi reali ancora presenti nel contesto alimentare.
Biogas production from poultry manure : inhibition reduction and possible implementations for a more sustainable future
Franceschelli, Paolo
2021/2022
Abstract
This thesis focuses on the development of a mathematical model for the adsorption, onto calcium alginate, of “nitrogen” coming from poultry manure, in order to lower the ammoniacal nitrogen concentration, otherwise able to inhibit anaerobic digestion, which is a process to produce biogas. However, first of all, the equilibrium ammonia-ammonium ion has been studied depending on temperature and pH. Then, the hydrolysis of uric acid to ammonia has been modeled through a simplified first-order kinetic model and, exploiting experimental data, the reaction rate constant has been estimated, highlighting a “high” characteristic time. Eventually, the adsorption of ammonium onto calcium alginate particles has been investigated through a “Langmuir-type” equation, obtaining a model to describe the reduction of ammoniacal nitrogen concentration in the poultry manure, over time (a characteristic time has also been defined, obtaining “low” values). A simplified approach has been proposed too. However, in order to reuse the adsorbent material, also desorption has been investigated, with good results in the case of the use of “pure” water. Then, a possible real system, based mainly on a hydrolyzer/adsorber (CSTR) and a desorber, has been studied (through material balances and simulations). In the second part of the thesis, instead, the possible implementation of adsorption systems coupled with a biodigester to generate biogas (and, potentially, with the facilities to produce biomethane) has been investigated: in the EU, under the hypothesis of wanting to reduce the dependency on the Russian natural gas; in Africa and developing Asia, to improve the access to “clean cooking” (lowering the health problems related to polluting fuels). Thus, a “priority coefficient” has been defined to identify countries of interest. Eventually, the poultry market has been investigated through data that highlight its growth and its relevance in the food industry. In the thesis, several references to the sustainability aspects of the analyzed topics have been proposed. This thesis improves the knowledge about the use of residues from poultry farms with an approach able to improve the sustainability of the food and energy sectors, also addressing real relevant issues still present in the food context.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Thesis_Paolo_Franceschelli.pdf
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Descrizione: Thesis Paolo Franceschelli
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Summary_Paolo_Franceschelli.pdf
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Descrizione: Executive summary Paolo Franceschelli
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/197379