The contemporary economic system now depends on the use of large amounts of material resources that can no longer be sustained considering the limited resources of our planet. Making durable and circular products is essential to reduce the rate of consumption of raw materials and energy and thus negative environmental impacts. Over the last decade, various communities and citizens' movements have brought to the attention of their socio-economic systems the importance of repair, a practice that over the last decades has gradually disappeared coinciding with the development of the consumer society and planned obsolescence that has increasingly shortened the useful life of products. In 2022, the Right to Repair became an official law of the Union. Repair is regarded as an effective strategy to extend product life and close material life cycles and has a direct influence on design processes. However, the lifespan of a product also depends on users' attitudes and behaviour and their propensity towards repair. This thesis explores the relationship between repair cultures and practices and design, with particular reference to processes that are more open, collaborative, and capable of using enabling technologies, such as open and distributed design and making. The initial research and analysis phase briefly traced the theme of repair from a historical point of view, identifying the main stages that first led to the progressive decline of these practices and then to their gradual return, in a dimension of circular practice, an activity of cultural, inclusive and design value. The second part analysed in more detail the world of reparation, both as a community of practice and as a possible (eco)system, identifying the main actors who are its protagonists in order to know and understand their experiences of interest and to understand how reparation practices are evolving between circular economy, digital transformation and social inclusion. To this end, a number of interviews were conducted with repairers-craftsmen and specialised repairers, makers and Fab Labs interested in repair, organisers of events dedicated to repairing and teachers and researchers interested in this topic from a design perspective. This activity aims to obtain specific information on the contemporary complexity of repair practices by identifying areas of criticality and opportunities, bottlenecks hindering their dissemination, and possible challenges for innovation. Alongside the interviews, the main repair techniques and practices were analysed through a collection of example cases. This activity aims to produce an initial mapping exercise that also shows the existence of emerging and enabling technologies, possible supply chains, and/or active repair systems at a territorial scale in relation to old and new repair needs. A specific focus concerns the relationship between design and repair. This step is useful to understand both what is the "responsibility" of contemporary design(er) in defining the circularity and thus the reparability of products and to understand what approaches, tools and processes design(er) can deploy to foster the dissemination of and access to repair practices. From the preliminary research phase, it was possible to isolate some themes and design challenges that can be traced back to a possible scenario of contemporary repair that takes into account the evolution of the economic, legislative, and socio-technical framework. From the interviews and the example cases it emerges a growing reparative interest and attention towards objects whose durability is influenced by planned obsolescence or by the relationship established with the user. While the 'Electronics Right to Repair' law was instigated thanks to a 'grassroots' movement of European citizens, the emergence of places like Repair Cafés shows an instance of progressive democratisation, dissemination and distribution of repair practices. These dynamics converge on one point: a widespread inability of users to repair (especially electronic) objects combined with a growing and widespread desire to repair or learn how to repair. As a result, few people actually know how to repair or know how to approach repair with culture and competence. Scholars such as Hans Tan argue that the repair of many objects, contrary to what one is commonly led to think, should be visible and give added value to the repaired object, highlighting the work carried out. In addition to this, repair through digital fabrication is becoming a more common collaborative practice within spaces such as Fab Labs and maker spaces where the necessary digital skills exist, while specialised repair shops (e.g. sewing machines) or social tool shops are frequented by people with 'analogue repair' skills, who understand the potential of 3D printing to make broken components that are no longer manufactured but often lack the modelling knowledge needed to realise designs. The Repair-ables project concerns the design of a repair process-technique that combines distributed design and digital fabrication to realise a system of iconic, configurable, 3D-printable micro-elements called 'repair-ables' - which allow a user to design and realise their customised repair.
Il sistema economico contemporaneo dipende ormai dall’impiego di grandi quantità di risorse materiali le quali non possono più essere sostenute considerando quelle limitate del nostro pianeta. Fabbricare prodotti duraturi e circolari è essenziale per ridurre il tasso di consumo di materie prime ed energia e quindi gli impatti ambientali negativi. Nell’ultimo decennio, diverse comunità e movimenti di cittadini hanno portato all’attenzione dei loro sistemi socioeconomici l’importanza della riparazione, una pratica che nel corso degli ultimi decenni è andata progressivamente a scomparire in coincidenza con lo sviluppo della la società del consumo e dell'obsolescenza programmata che hanno accorciato sempre di più la vita utile dei prodotti. Nel 2022 il Diritto alla riparazione è diventato una legge ufficiale dell’Unione. La riparazione è considerata una strategia efficace per estendere la durata di vita dei prodotti e chiudere i cicli di vita dei materiali e ha un’influenza diretta sui processi di progettazione. Tuttavia, la durata della vita di un prodotto dipende anche dagli atteggiamenti e dai comportamenti degli utenti e dalla loro propensione nei confronti della riparazione. La tesi esplora la relazione tra le culture e le pratiche della riparazione e il design, con particolare riferimento ai processi più aperti, collaborativi e capaci di utilizzare le tecnologie abilitanti, come l’open e il distributed design e il making. La fase di ricerca e analisi iniziale ripercorre brevemente il tema della riparazione dal punto di vista storico, identificando le principali tappe che hanno determinato prima il progressivo declino di queste pratiche e quindi il loro graduale ritorno, in una dimensione di pratica circolare, attività di valore culturale, inclusivo e progettuale. La seconda parte si è analizzato più in dettaglio il mondo della riparazione, sia come comunità di pratica che come possibile (eco)sistema individuando i principali attori che ne sono i protagonisti per conoscerne e comprenderne le esperienze interessi e per capire come le pratiche della riparazione si stanno evolvendo tra economia circolare, trasformazione digitale e inclusione sociale. A questo proposito, sono state effettuate alcune interviste a riparatori-artigiani e riparatori specializzati, makers e Fab Labs interessati alla riparazione, organizzatori di eventi dedicati alla riparazione e docenti e ricercatori interessati a questo tema dal punto di vista del design. L’obiettivo di questa attività è ottenere informazioni specifiche sulla complessità contemporanea delle pratiche di riparazione individuando aree di criticità e di opportunità, colli di bottiglia che ne ostacolano la diffusione e possibili sfide di innovazione. Accanto alle interviste sono state analizzate le principali tecniche e pratiche di riparazione attraverso una collezione di casi esemplificativi. L’obiettivo di questa attività è produrre una prima mappatura che mostra anche l’esistenza di tecnologie emergenti e abilitanti, possibili filiere e/o sistemi della riparazione attivo oattivabile a scala territoriale in relazione a vecchi e nuovi bisogni di riparazione. Un focus specifico riguarda la relazione tra design e riparazione. Questo passaggio serve per comprendere sia qual è la “responsabilità” del design(er) contemporaneo nel definire la circolarità e quindi la riparabilità dei prodotti che per comprendere quali sono gli approcci, gli strumenti e i processi che il design(er) può mettere in campo per favorire la diffusione e l’accesso alle pratiche della riparazione. Dalla fase di ricerca preliminare è stato possibile isolare alcuni temi e sfide progettuali riconducibili a possibile scenario della riparazione contemporanea che tiene conto dell’evoluzione del quadro economico, legislativo, socio tecnico. Dalle interviste e dai casi esemplificativi emerge un crescente un interesse e un’attenzione riparativa verso gli oggetti la cui durabilità è influenzata dall’obsolescenza programmata o dalla relazione che si stabilisce cui l’utente. Se da un lato la legge sull’”Electronics right to repair” è stata istruita grazie a un movimento “dal basso” di cittadini europei, la comparsa di luoghi come i Repair Cafè mostra un’istanza di progressiva democratizzazione, diffusione e distribuzione delle pratiche di riparazione. Queste dinamiche convergono su un punto: una diffusa incapacità degli utenti nella riparazione, gli oggetti (specialmente elettronici) combinata con un crescente e diffuso desiderio di riparare o imparare a riparare. Ne consegue che poche persone sanno effettivamente riparare o sanno approcciare la riparazione con cultura e competenza. Studiosi come Hans Tan sostengono che la riparazione di molti oggetti, al contrario di come si è comunemente portati a pensare, dovrebbe essere visibile e dare valore aggiunto all’oggetto riparato, evidenziando l’intervento effettuato. Oltre a questo, la riparazione attraverso la digital fabrication, sta diventando una pratica collaborativa più comune all’interno di spazi come i Fab Lab e i makerspace dove esistono le competenze digitali necessarie mentre i riparatori specializzati (es. macchine da cucire) o le attrezzerie sociali, sono frequentate da persone con competenze di “riparazione analogica”, comprendono il potenziale della stampa 3D per realizzare i componenti rotti non più fabbricati ma spesso non possiedono le conoscenze di modellazione necessarie per realizzare i progetti. Il progetto Repair-ables riguarda la progettazione di un processo-tecnica di riparazione che combina design distribuito e fabbricazione digitale per la realizzazione di un sistema di micro elementi iconici e configurabili, stampabili 3D, definiti “riparanti” - che consentono a un utente di progettare e realizzare la propria riparazione su misura.
Repair-ables : designing open source solution for distributed repairing
Rubino, Gaia
2021/2022
Abstract
The contemporary economic system now depends on the use of large amounts of material resources that can no longer be sustained considering the limited resources of our planet. Making durable and circular products is essential to reduce the rate of consumption of raw materials and energy and thus negative environmental impacts. Over the last decade, various communities and citizens' movements have brought to the attention of their socio-economic systems the importance of repair, a practice that over the last decades has gradually disappeared coinciding with the development of the consumer society and planned obsolescence that has increasingly shortened the useful life of products. In 2022, the Right to Repair became an official law of the Union. Repair is regarded as an effective strategy to extend product life and close material life cycles and has a direct influence on design processes. However, the lifespan of a product also depends on users' attitudes and behaviour and their propensity towards repair. This thesis explores the relationship between repair cultures and practices and design, with particular reference to processes that are more open, collaborative, and capable of using enabling technologies, such as open and distributed design and making. The initial research and analysis phase briefly traced the theme of repair from a historical point of view, identifying the main stages that first led to the progressive decline of these practices and then to their gradual return, in a dimension of circular practice, an activity of cultural, inclusive and design value. The second part analysed in more detail the world of reparation, both as a community of practice and as a possible (eco)system, identifying the main actors who are its protagonists in order to know and understand their experiences of interest and to understand how reparation practices are evolving between circular economy, digital transformation and social inclusion. To this end, a number of interviews were conducted with repairers-craftsmen and specialised repairers, makers and Fab Labs interested in repair, organisers of events dedicated to repairing and teachers and researchers interested in this topic from a design perspective. This activity aims to obtain specific information on the contemporary complexity of repair practices by identifying areas of criticality and opportunities, bottlenecks hindering their dissemination, and possible challenges for innovation. Alongside the interviews, the main repair techniques and practices were analysed through a collection of example cases. This activity aims to produce an initial mapping exercise that also shows the existence of emerging and enabling technologies, possible supply chains, and/or active repair systems at a territorial scale in relation to old and new repair needs. A specific focus concerns the relationship between design and repair. This step is useful to understand both what is the "responsibility" of contemporary design(er) in defining the circularity and thus the reparability of products and to understand what approaches, tools and processes design(er) can deploy to foster the dissemination of and access to repair practices. From the preliminary research phase, it was possible to isolate some themes and design challenges that can be traced back to a possible scenario of contemporary repair that takes into account the evolution of the economic, legislative, and socio-technical framework. From the interviews and the example cases it emerges a growing reparative interest and attention towards objects whose durability is influenced by planned obsolescence or by the relationship established with the user. While the 'Electronics Right to Repair' law was instigated thanks to a 'grassroots' movement of European citizens, the emergence of places like Repair Cafés shows an instance of progressive democratisation, dissemination and distribution of repair practices. These dynamics converge on one point: a widespread inability of users to repair (especially electronic) objects combined with a growing and widespread desire to repair or learn how to repair. As a result, few people actually know how to repair or know how to approach repair with culture and competence. Scholars such as Hans Tan argue that the repair of many objects, contrary to what one is commonly led to think, should be visible and give added value to the repaired object, highlighting the work carried out. In addition to this, repair through digital fabrication is becoming a more common collaborative practice within spaces such as Fab Labs and maker spaces where the necessary digital skills exist, while specialised repair shops (e.g. sewing machines) or social tool shops are frequented by people with 'analogue repair' skills, who understand the potential of 3D printing to make broken components that are no longer manufactured but often lack the modelling knowledge needed to realise designs. The Repair-ables project concerns the design of a repair process-technique that combines distributed design and digital fabrication to realise a system of iconic, configurable, 3D-printable micro-elements called 'repair-ables' - which allow a user to design and realise their customised repair.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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RubinoGaia_Repairables_969211.pdf
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Descrizione: Designing open source solution for "distributed repairing"
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/198848