The German energy transition (Energiewende) is critical to achieving the goal of the Paris Agreement to limit to 1.5°C the global temperature increase above pre-industrial levels, significantly reducing the impacts of climate change. Indeed, the goal of Energiewende is to reach a low-carbon energy supply, that has to be environmentally sound, reliable and affordable, without depending on nuclear power. However, the goal and the means to achieve it present huge economic, technical, and societal challenges at the administrative and national levels. Moreover, the Energiewende constantly evolves, causing a continuous redefinition of objectives, targets, and constraints over time. Therefore, this thesis aims to establish a general sensemaking of the Energiewende, identify its structure, and quantitatively evaluate its status quo, investigating the key factors affecting the achievement of the goal and objectives. Against all odds, the original greenhouse gas (GHG) emission target for 2020 has been achieved, with a surprisingly high deployment of renewable energy sources (RES) in the energy sector, while has been reached only a low energy consumption reduction. However, in 2021 the GHG emissions slightly increased, and there are doubts about achieving the future targets. Indeed, continuing the current trend, the next emission targets will be missed. Several critical issues of the Energiewende, such as the high electricity cost for householders and industries, the extremely low carbon price, the crisis of the utilities, and the inefficient and pollutant management of coal plants seem to be about to be resolved. However, important deficiencies of enablers of the Energiewende remain, such as an insufficient energy storage capacity to ensure the stability of the grids. This thesis takes a clear picture of the actual situation of the Energiewende and provides several policy implications.
La transizione energetica tedesca (Energiewende) è fondamentale per raggiungere l'obiettivo dell'Accordo di Parigi di limitare a 1,5 °C l'aumento della temperatura globale rispetto ai livelli preindustriali, riducendo gli impatti del cambiamento climatico. Infatti, l'obiettivo dell’Energiewende è quello di raggiungere un approvvigionamento energetico a basse emissioni di carbonio, che deve essere ecologico, affidabile e conveniente, senza dipendere dall'energia nucleare. Tuttavia, sia l'obiettivo che i mezzi per raggiungerlo presentano enormi sfide economiche, tecniche e sociali a livello amministrativo e nazionale. Inoltre, l'Energiewende è in evoluzione, causando una continua ridefinizione degli obiettivi e dei vincoli nel tempo. Pertanto, lo scopo della tesi è quello di inquadrare l'Energiewende, identificandone la struttura e valutandone quantitativamente lo status quo, indagando i fattori chiave che influenzano il raggiungimento degli obiettivi. Contro ogni previsione, l'obiettivo originale di emissioni di gas a effetto serra per il 2020 è stato raggiunto, con una sorprendentemente elevata diffusione di fonti rinnovabili, mentre è stata raggiunta solo una bassa riduzione del consumo energetico. Tuttavia, nel 2021 le emissioni di GHG sono leggermente aumentate e vi sono dubbi sul raggiungimento degli obiettivi futuri. Infatti, continuando la tendenza attuale, i prossimi obiettivi sulle emissioni saranno mancati. Diverse questioni critiche dell’Energiewende, come l'elevato costo dell'elettricità per famiglie e industrie, l’estremamente basso carbon price, la crisi delle utility e la gestione inefficiente e inquinante delle centrali a carbone sembrano essere sul punto di essere risolte. Tuttavia, permangono importanti carenze di fattori abilitanti a supporto dell’Energiewende, come una capacità di stoccaggio di energia insufficiente a garantire la stabilità delle reti elettriche. Questa tesi offre un quadro chiaro della situazione attuale dell’Energiewende e fornisce diverse implicazioni politiche.
The german Energiewende : targets' evolution and achievements
ORSATTI, FEDERICO
2021/2022
Abstract
The German energy transition (Energiewende) is critical to achieving the goal of the Paris Agreement to limit to 1.5°C the global temperature increase above pre-industrial levels, significantly reducing the impacts of climate change. Indeed, the goal of Energiewende is to reach a low-carbon energy supply, that has to be environmentally sound, reliable and affordable, without depending on nuclear power. However, the goal and the means to achieve it present huge economic, technical, and societal challenges at the administrative and national levels. Moreover, the Energiewende constantly evolves, causing a continuous redefinition of objectives, targets, and constraints over time. Therefore, this thesis aims to establish a general sensemaking of the Energiewende, identify its structure, and quantitatively evaluate its status quo, investigating the key factors affecting the achievement of the goal and objectives. Against all odds, the original greenhouse gas (GHG) emission target for 2020 has been achieved, with a surprisingly high deployment of renewable energy sources (RES) in the energy sector, while has been reached only a low energy consumption reduction. However, in 2021 the GHG emissions slightly increased, and there are doubts about achieving the future targets. Indeed, continuing the current trend, the next emission targets will be missed. Several critical issues of the Energiewende, such as the high electricity cost for householders and industries, the extremely low carbon price, the crisis of the utilities, and the inefficient and pollutant management of coal plants seem to be about to be resolved. However, important deficiencies of enablers of the Energiewende remain, such as an insufficient energy storage capacity to ensure the stability of the grids. This thesis takes a clear picture of the actual situation of the Energiewende and provides several policy implications.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2022_12_Orsatti_02.pdf
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Descrizione: Executive summary
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2022_12_Orsatti_01.pdf
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Descrizione: Dissertation
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/198914