Equity crowdfunding is beginning to contribute considerably to the financing of startups, innovative companies and small-medium enterprises (SMEs) within the context of Entrepreneurial Finance. The major actors involved in this phenomenon are the investors, the so-called ‘crowd’, the entrepreneurs seeking capital financing for their firm and the platform where the fundraising takes place. However, we have observed that the existing research focuses mostly on the success aspects of equity crowdfunding that lead to the successful conclusion of the campaigns and enable organizations to obtain the desired funds. Indeed, a literature review revealed that research on equity crowdfunding success determinants has expanded in recent years. Our dissertation seeks to contribute to the expanding body of research on success factors and signaling in equity crowdfunding, with a particular emphasis on filling in the gaps regarding the figure of investors. In particular, the primary objective of our research is to determine equity crowdfunding investors' strategies of portfolio composition and to investigate which factors influence the most investors in this choice. In this regard, an investigation of those elements that have the greatest impact on investors' investment decisions, whether they relate to the personal traits of the investor or the unique features of the campaigns, has been conducted. To pursue this objective, we decided to include in our analyses only those investors (physical persons only) who made eight or more equity crowdfunding investments between the beginning of 2019 and the end of 2021. This decision was made because the scope of the thesis is to discover evidence regarding the portfolio composition logic of equity crowdfunding investors. So, we had to establish a reasonable number of campaigns subscribed per investor to consider its portfolio as remarkable for the aim of the study. As a consequence, we defined a dataset composed of 482 investors who totally made 5981 investments in Italian equity crowdfunding platforms during the time horizon previously defined. Based on an analysis of the data contained in this dataset, it emerges that investors, when deciding whether or not to make an investment, correlate the profitability of an enterprise with the ownership of patents, as well as the riskiness, and volatility of the sector in which the company operates with the ownership of patents and high-quality human capital. Also, we show that investments in real estate campaigns can be used to differentiate the degree of risk of investors’ equity crowdfunding investment portfolios and that, when examining an investor's portfolio, the average profitability of the investee companies is negatively correlated to the investor’s age. These findings expand the understanding of equity crowdfunding characteristics and success factors and pave the way for a new avenue of research into the intersection between equity crowdfunding, behavioral finance, and traditional entrepreneurial finance.
L’equity crowdfunding è un fenomeno che sta cominciando a contribuire in modo significativo al finanziamento di startup, imprese innovative e piccole-medie imprese (PMI) nel contesto della finanza imprenditoriale. I principali attori coinvolti in questo fenomeno sono gli investitori, la cosiddetta 'folla', gli imprenditori in cerca di capitale per la loro azienda e la piattaforma dove si svolge la raccolta di fondi. Tuttavia, abbiamo osservato che la ricerca esistente si concentra principalmente sui fattori di successo dell’equity crowdfunding, i quali determinano la conclusione positiva delle campagne di finanziamento e consentono alle imprese di ottenere i fondi desiderati. Infatti, una revisione della letteratura ha rivelato che la ricerca sui fattori di successo dell’equity crowdfunding è cresciuta esponenzialmente negli ultimi anni. La nostra tesi si pone l’obiettivo di contribuire all'espansione della ricerca sui fattori di successo e di signaling nell’equity crowdfunding, con una particolare attenzione volta a colmare le lacune riguardanti la figura degli investitori. In particolare, l'obiettivo primario della nostra ricerca è quello di determinare le strategie degli investitori nella composizione di portafogli di investimento nell’ambito dell’equity crowdfunding e di indagare quali fattori influenzano maggiormente gli investitori in questa scelta. Con questo proposito, è stata condotta una ricerca riguardante gli elementi che hanno il maggiore impatto sulle decisioni di investimento degli individui, sia che essi si riferiscano alle caratteristiche personali e distintive dell'investitore o alle peculiarità proprie differenti campagne. Con l’intento di perseguire questo obiettivo, abbiamo deciso di includere nelle nostre analisi solamente gli investitori (persone fisiche soltanto) che hanno effettuato otto o più investimenti in campagne di equity crowdfunding dall'inizio del 2019 alla fine del 2021. Questa decisione è stata presa perché lo scopo della tesi è quello di trovare risultati che aiutino ad individuare quali logiche di composizione di un portafoglio di investimenti in campagne di equity crowdfunding seguono gli investitori. Pertanto, abbiamo dovuto stabilire un numero ragionevole di campagne sottoscritte per investitore al fine di stabilire quali e quanti portafogli potessero essere ritenuti rilevanti per il nostro studio. Di conseguenza, abbiamo definito un set di dati composto da 482 investitori che hanno effettuato complessivamente 5981 investimenti distribuiti in differenti piattaforme italiane di equity crowdfunding durante l'orizzonte temporale individuato precedentemente. Sulla base di un'analisi delle informazioni contenute in questo set di dati, emerge che gli investitori, quando chiamati a decidere se effettuare o meno un investimento, mettono in relazione la redditività di un'impresa con la proprietà di brevetti da parte di quest’ultima, così come la rischiosità, e la volatilità del settore in cui l'azienda opera con la proprietà di brevetti e di capitale umano di alta qualità da parte dell’impresa. Inoltre, si evince che gli investimenti in campagne immobiliari possono essere utilizzati dagli investitori per differenziare il grado di rischio dei portafogli di investimento in campagne di equity crowdfunding e che, quando si esamina il portafoglio di un investitore, la redditività media delle società partecipate è correlata negativamente all'età dell'investitore. Questi risultati ampliano la comprensione delle caratteristiche del fenomeno dell’equity crowdfunding e dei suoi fattori di successo e aprono la strada a un nuovo ramo di ricerca riguardante l'intersezione (o interazione) tra equity crowdfunding, finanza comportamentale e finanza imprenditoriale tradizionale.
The strategies of portfolio composition in equity crowdfunding investments : an analysis on the italian market
Mearelli, Edoardo;Mazzucco, Luca
2021/2022
Abstract
Equity crowdfunding is beginning to contribute considerably to the financing of startups, innovative companies and small-medium enterprises (SMEs) within the context of Entrepreneurial Finance. The major actors involved in this phenomenon are the investors, the so-called ‘crowd’, the entrepreneurs seeking capital financing for their firm and the platform where the fundraising takes place. However, we have observed that the existing research focuses mostly on the success aspects of equity crowdfunding that lead to the successful conclusion of the campaigns and enable organizations to obtain the desired funds. Indeed, a literature review revealed that research on equity crowdfunding success determinants has expanded in recent years. Our dissertation seeks to contribute to the expanding body of research on success factors and signaling in equity crowdfunding, with a particular emphasis on filling in the gaps regarding the figure of investors. In particular, the primary objective of our research is to determine equity crowdfunding investors' strategies of portfolio composition and to investigate which factors influence the most investors in this choice. In this regard, an investigation of those elements that have the greatest impact on investors' investment decisions, whether they relate to the personal traits of the investor or the unique features of the campaigns, has been conducted. To pursue this objective, we decided to include in our analyses only those investors (physical persons only) who made eight or more equity crowdfunding investments between the beginning of 2019 and the end of 2021. This decision was made because the scope of the thesis is to discover evidence regarding the portfolio composition logic of equity crowdfunding investors. So, we had to establish a reasonable number of campaigns subscribed per investor to consider its portfolio as remarkable for the aim of the study. As a consequence, we defined a dataset composed of 482 investors who totally made 5981 investments in Italian equity crowdfunding platforms during the time horizon previously defined. Based on an analysis of the data contained in this dataset, it emerges that investors, when deciding whether or not to make an investment, correlate the profitability of an enterprise with the ownership of patents, as well as the riskiness, and volatility of the sector in which the company operates with the ownership of patents and high-quality human capital. Also, we show that investments in real estate campaigns can be used to differentiate the degree of risk of investors’ equity crowdfunding investment portfolios and that, when examining an investor's portfolio, the average profitability of the investee companies is negatively correlated to the investor’s age. These findings expand the understanding of equity crowdfunding characteristics and success factors and pave the way for a new avenue of research into the intersection between equity crowdfunding, behavioral finance, and traditional entrepreneurial finance.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/201371