Solar photovoltaic (PV) is seen as a valuable technology to decarbonize the energy sector. In this context, and considering the continuously evolving technology, it is crucial to complete updated assessments of its environmental sustainability. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is regarded as the most adopted methodology to evaluate the environmental impact of a product over its life cycle. Starting from an extensive literature review, it emerges a scarcity of studies covering the full life cycle or comparing different PV technologies, as well as the shortage and the limitations of existing LCA-based models, that enable a broad-scope assessment of such technologies. To tackle the gaps, a novel evaluation framework is developed, enabling to compare the life cycle impact of the six main PV technologies through different energy (cumulative energy demand, energy payback time) and greenhouse gas (global warming potential, CO2 payback time) related indicators. The framework is then applied to a utility-scale plant installed in Italy, with reference to five supply chain scenarios. Results demonstrate the inexistence of a PV technology outperforming the others across all impact indicators. In addition, the analysis highlights the significant influence of the manufacturing phase on the environmental impact and the relevance of the grid carbon intensity of the manufacturing country on greenhouse gas related indicators. Lastly, it is confirmed that PV is a valuable technology to fight climate change, and it is demonstrated how material recycling can further reduce the environmental impact of PV technologies. The study provides suggestions for players in the PV industry and policymakers. For the former, it suggests options to reduce the environmental impact of components. For the latter, the thesis reaffirms the potential of PV in fighting climate change, demonstrates the benefits arising from the development of a PV supply chain in countries characterized by a cleaner electricity mix compared to China, and highlights the importance of further promoting the decarbonization of the electricity sector.
Il solare fotovoltaico (PV) è ritenuto una valida tecnologia per decarbonizzare il settore energetico. In tale contesto, e considerando la continua evoluzione tecnologica, è cruciale svolgere valutazioni aggiornate della sua sostenibilità ambientale. L’Analisi del Ciclo di Vita (LCA) è la metodologia più diffusa per valutare l’impatto ambientale di un prodotto. Dall’analisi della letteratura, si osserva una carenza di studi che coprono l’intero ciclo di vita o che comparano più tecnologie PV, oltre che la scarsità e le limitazioni dei modelli LCA esistenti, che permettono un’analisi ad ampio spettro di tali tecnologie. Per contrastare le limitazioni osservate, viene sviluppato un modello che permette di comparare l’impatto lungo il ciclo di vita delle sei principali tecnologie PV rispetto a indicatori energetici (richiesta cumulativa di energia, tempo di ritorno energetico) e relativi alle emissioni (potenziale di riscaldamento globale, tempo di ritorno in CO2). Il modello è applicato ad un impianto di larga scala in Italia, relativamente a cinque scenari di filiera. I risultati dimostrano l’assenza di una tecnologia più performante delle altre rispetto a tutti gli indicatori. Inoltre, si evidenzia l’influenza significativa della fase di produzione sull’impatto ambientale e la rilevanza dell’intensità carbonica della rete elettrica del paese di produzione sugli indicatori relativi alle emissioni. Infine, si conferma che il PV è una valida tecnologia nella lotta al cambiamento climatico e si dimostra come il riciclo dei materiali possa ridurre ulteriormente l’impatto ambientale del fotovoltaico. La tesi offre suggerimenti ad attori nell’industria PV e ai decisori politici. Per i primi, si propongono opzioni per ridurre l’impatto ambientale dei componenti. Per i secondi, la tesi conferma il potenziale del PV nella lotta al cambiamento climatico, dimostra i benefici legati allo sviluppo di un’industria PV in paesi con un mix elettrico più pulito rispetto alla Cina, ed evidenzia l’importanza di sostenere la decarbonizzazione del sistema elettrico.
Assessing the environmental impact of photovoltaic technologies : a life cycle assessment-based evaluation framework and its application to multiregional scenarios
Fumagalli, Andrea
2021/2022
Abstract
Solar photovoltaic (PV) is seen as a valuable technology to decarbonize the energy sector. In this context, and considering the continuously evolving technology, it is crucial to complete updated assessments of its environmental sustainability. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is regarded as the most adopted methodology to evaluate the environmental impact of a product over its life cycle. Starting from an extensive literature review, it emerges a scarcity of studies covering the full life cycle or comparing different PV technologies, as well as the shortage and the limitations of existing LCA-based models, that enable a broad-scope assessment of such technologies. To tackle the gaps, a novel evaluation framework is developed, enabling to compare the life cycle impact of the six main PV technologies through different energy (cumulative energy demand, energy payback time) and greenhouse gas (global warming potential, CO2 payback time) related indicators. The framework is then applied to a utility-scale plant installed in Italy, with reference to five supply chain scenarios. Results demonstrate the inexistence of a PV technology outperforming the others across all impact indicators. In addition, the analysis highlights the significant influence of the manufacturing phase on the environmental impact and the relevance of the grid carbon intensity of the manufacturing country on greenhouse gas related indicators. Lastly, it is confirmed that PV is a valuable technology to fight climate change, and it is demonstrated how material recycling can further reduce the environmental impact of PV technologies. The study provides suggestions for players in the PV industry and policymakers. For the former, it suggests options to reduce the environmental impact of components. For the latter, the thesis reaffirms the potential of PV in fighting climate change, demonstrates the benefits arising from the development of a PV supply chain in countries characterized by a cleaner electricity mix compared to China, and highlights the importance of further promoting the decarbonization of the electricity sector.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2023_05_Fumagalli_Thesis_01.pdf
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2023_05_Fumagalli_Executive Summary_02.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/202561