The transport sector is responsible for almost a quarter of all energy-related CO2 emissions worldwide, of which 6% comes from buses in the European Union. The introductory chapter explores the transition of the transport sector from the use of fossil fuels to electricity, with a focus on electric buses. Emission reduction policies and innovative business strategies adopted to accelerate the energy transition are described. Also presented is the Bus as a Service (BaaS) model, introduced for the first time in Italy, which consists of the supply of electric buses as a complete service to simplify the electrification process of the bus fleet. In addition, a simulation model is proposed that considers various factors, such as the size of the bus, the specifications of its components, the route characteristics and the number of stops. The output consists of the energy consumption of the bus analysed, specific to the route considered. The analysis was conducted on a real case of electrification of three public bus lines in Turin, thanks to the collaboration with Autoguidovie. The results showed that the heterogeneity of height profiles leads to a high variation of energy requirements between different routes. Validation was conducted by comparing the output of the model with two tests performed along an analysed public transport line. Finally, a sensitivity analysis was carried out to show how the variation of motor efficiency and regenerative braking affect the results of the model, as well as the number of passengers. Since the results are closely linked to the input data and may vary depending on the case considered, the proposed methodology can be applied to different realities in urban areas. This model offers a practical option to more sophisticated ones and does not require the use of high-resolution speed profiles, which are difficult to acquire even when all operational characteristics of the transit network are considered.
Il settore dei trasporti è responsabile di quasi un quarto di tutte le emissioni di CO2 legate all'energia a livello mondiale, del quale il 6% deriva dagli autobus nell’Unione Europea. Il capitolo introduttivo esplora la transizione del settore dei trasporti dall'utilizzo di combustibili fossili all'elettricità, con particolare attenzione agli autobus elettrici. Vengono descritte le politiche di riduzione delle emissioni e le strategie commerciali innovative adottate per accelerare la transizione energetica. Viene anche presentato il modello del Bus as a Service (BaaS), introdotto per la prima volta in Italia, che consiste nella fornitura di autobus elettrici come servizio completo per semplificare il processo di elettrificazione della flotta di autobus. Inoltre, viene proposto un modello di simulazione che prende in considerazione vari fattori, come le dimensioni dell'autobus, le specifiche dei suoi componenti, le caratteristiche del percorso e il numero di fermate. L'output consiste nel consumo energetico dell'autobus analizzato, specifico per il percorso considerato. L'analisi è stata condotta su un caso reale di elettrificazione di tre linee di autobus pubblici a Torino, grazie alla collaborazione con Autoguidovie. I risultati hanno mostrato che l'eterogeneità dei profili altimetrici porta a un'elevata variazione dei requisiti energetici tra percorsi diversi. La validazione è stata effettuata confrontando l'output del modello con due test eseguiti lungo una linea di trasporto pubblico analizzata. Infine, è stata effettuata un'analisi di sensibilità che mostra come la variazione dell'efficienza del motore e della frenata rigenerativa influiscano sui risultati del modello, così come il numero di passeggeri. Siccome i risultati siano strettamente legati ai dati di input e possano variare a seconda del caso considerato, la metodologia proposta può essere applicata a diverse realtà in ambito urbano. Questo modello offre un'opzione pratica a quelli più sofisticati e non richiede l'uso di profili di velocità ad alta risoluzione, che sono difficili da acquisire anche quando si considerano tutte le caratteristiche operative della rete di transito.
Bus as a service supply mode: application to a business case and analysis of electric bus consumption in urban areas
Olivieri, Marina
2022/2023
Abstract
The transport sector is responsible for almost a quarter of all energy-related CO2 emissions worldwide, of which 6% comes from buses in the European Union. The introductory chapter explores the transition of the transport sector from the use of fossil fuels to electricity, with a focus on electric buses. Emission reduction policies and innovative business strategies adopted to accelerate the energy transition are described. Also presented is the Bus as a Service (BaaS) model, introduced for the first time in Italy, which consists of the supply of electric buses as a complete service to simplify the electrification process of the bus fleet. In addition, a simulation model is proposed that considers various factors, such as the size of the bus, the specifications of its components, the route characteristics and the number of stops. The output consists of the energy consumption of the bus analysed, specific to the route considered. The analysis was conducted on a real case of electrification of three public bus lines in Turin, thanks to the collaboration with Autoguidovie. The results showed that the heterogeneity of height profiles leads to a high variation of energy requirements between different routes. Validation was conducted by comparing the output of the model with two tests performed along an analysed public transport line. Finally, a sensitivity analysis was carried out to show how the variation of motor efficiency and regenerative braking affect the results of the model, as well as the number of passengers. Since the results are closely linked to the input data and may vary depending on the case considered, the proposed methodology can be applied to different realities in urban areas. This model offers a practical option to more sophisticated ones and does not require the use of high-resolution speed profiles, which are difficult to acquire even when all operational characteristics of the transit network are considered.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2023_05_Olivieri_Tesi_01.pdf
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2023_05_Olivieri_Executive Summary_02.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/204679