The use of metal systems for roofing has become more and more common over the years for buildings of any kind and size. Several different technologies are nowadays commonly used, among which the most, referred to as standing seam metal sheet, are made of panels with the same length of the slope, in various geometries and shapes, highly versatile to adapt to different cases and scopes of use. Such systems are also suitable to support various devices – the most common case is represented by photovoltaic modules, but they can potentially be other lightweight structures to be integrated on the surface – connected to the metal panels by special anchor clamps. The in-service behaviour of such systems in standard conditions is generally investigated by manufacturers in terms of load bearing capacity, wind uplift resistance and water tightness using methods widely discussed in the literature. However, in order to achieve a full performance control, special configurations and large geometries must also be considered. Particularly, thermal expansion behaviour and friction issues together with wind loads transferred to fixed-point clips in the case of roof-attached tilted PV strings are capable to significantly affect the service life expectancy of roofing systems and their components. In this respect, several experimental tests, both on-site and in laboratory, are proposed to assess system’s performance. Thermal expansion behaviour is investigated through a series of on-site monitoring campaigns on a large, flat roof reference case-study to highlight the general effects of clip/panels friction, also considering the anchor clamps influence on the roof behaviour. Moreover, wind loads acting on roof-attached tilted PV string and therefore transferred to fixed-point clips are assessed through a set of boundary layer wind tunnel tests on a representative 1:10 scale model. Several geometric configurations and parameters are analysed in order to provide a wide range of values to be used in the design of standing seam roofing systems. Eventually, a full set of mechanical tests on system specimen and components is proposed for each system characterisation and commissioning purposes. Experimental set-ups, test purposes, and load-displacement curves (where available) are discussed in detail. Design loads, monitoring, and testing protocols are meant to be suitable for other similar standing seam roofing systems and to be a reference for systems manufacturers, in order to further develop their products and materials characteristics to easily comply with different projects requirements, and designers, to better choose and specify the systems to be used.
L'uso di sistemi di copertura metallici è diventato sempre più comune nel corso degli anni per edifici di ogni tipo e dimensione. Oggi vengono comunemente utilizzate diverse tecnologie, tra cui le più evolute appartengono alla categoria dei sistemi in doghe a lunghezza di falda, con varie geometrie e forme, che risultano estremamente versatili per adattarsi alle diverse esigenze progettuali. Tali sistemi sono anche adatti a fungere da supporto per diversi dispositivi da vincolare al manto. Il caso più comune è rappresentato dai moduli fotovoltaici, ma possono anche essere altre strutture leggere da integrare sulla superficie, connesse ai pannelli metallici mediante speciali staffe di ancoraggio. Il comportamento in servizio di tali sistemi in condizioni standard è generalmente studiato dai produttori in termini di capacità di carico, resistenza all'azione del vento e tenuta all'acqua, attraverso metodi ampiamente discussi in letteratura. Tuttavia, al fine di garantire il completo controllo prestazionale, è necessario riferirsi anche alle configurazioni speciali e alle geometrie di grandi dimensioni. In particolare, il comportamento di dilatazione termica e le problematiche relative all'attrito insieme ai carichi da vento trasferiti ai punti fissi del manto nel caso di stringhe fotovoltaiche inclinate possono influenzare significativamente la durabilità del sistema di copertura e dei relativi componenti. A tal proposito, vengono proposti diversi test sperimentali, sia in situ che in laboratorio, per valutare le prestazioni del sistema. Il comportamento di dilatazione termica viene studiato attraverso una serie di campagne di monitoraggio su una copertura reale di grandi dimensioni per evidenziare gli effetti generali dell'attrito tra basette di supporto e pannelli, considerando anche l'influenza delle staffe di ancoraggio sul comportamento della copertura. Inoltre, i carichi da vento che agiscono sulle stringhe fotovoltaiche inclinate vincolate a quest’ultima e quindi trasferiti ai punti fissi vengono valutati attraverso una serie di test in galleria del vento su un modello rappresentativo in scala 1:10. Vengono analizzate diverse configurazioni geometriche e parametri al fine di fornire un'ampia gamma di valori da utilizzare nella progettazione dei sistemi di copertura metallici. Infine, viene proposto un insieme di test meccanici su campioni rappresentativi del sistema e sui relativi componenti ai fini della caratterizzazione e del collaudo. L’allestimento delle prove, gli obiettivi e i risultati in termini di curve carico-spostamento (ove disponibili) vengono discussi nel dettaglio. I carichi di progetto, i protocolli di monitoraggio e di test qui presentati sono pensati per adattarsi ad un’ampia gamma di sistemi di copertura simili e per costituire un riferimento per i produttori dei sistemi stessi, al fine di sviluppare ulteriormente le caratteristiche dei loro prodotti e materiali rispetto alle diverse esigenze progettuali, e per i progettisti, al fine di poter operare la scelta migliore rispetto ai sistemi da utilizzare.
experimental testing methods for the performance control of standing seam roofing systems for large-roof applications and photovoltaic systems integration
Scrinzi, Giacomo
2022/2023
Abstract
The use of metal systems for roofing has become more and more common over the years for buildings of any kind and size. Several different technologies are nowadays commonly used, among which the most, referred to as standing seam metal sheet, are made of panels with the same length of the slope, in various geometries and shapes, highly versatile to adapt to different cases and scopes of use. Such systems are also suitable to support various devices – the most common case is represented by photovoltaic modules, but they can potentially be other lightweight structures to be integrated on the surface – connected to the metal panels by special anchor clamps. The in-service behaviour of such systems in standard conditions is generally investigated by manufacturers in terms of load bearing capacity, wind uplift resistance and water tightness using methods widely discussed in the literature. However, in order to achieve a full performance control, special configurations and large geometries must also be considered. Particularly, thermal expansion behaviour and friction issues together with wind loads transferred to fixed-point clips in the case of roof-attached tilted PV strings are capable to significantly affect the service life expectancy of roofing systems and their components. In this respect, several experimental tests, both on-site and in laboratory, are proposed to assess system’s performance. Thermal expansion behaviour is investigated through a series of on-site monitoring campaigns on a large, flat roof reference case-study to highlight the general effects of clip/panels friction, also considering the anchor clamps influence on the roof behaviour. Moreover, wind loads acting on roof-attached tilted PV string and therefore transferred to fixed-point clips are assessed through a set of boundary layer wind tunnel tests on a representative 1:10 scale model. Several geometric configurations and parameters are analysed in order to provide a wide range of values to be used in the design of standing seam roofing systems. Eventually, a full set of mechanical tests on system specimen and components is proposed for each system characterisation and commissioning purposes. Experimental set-ups, test purposes, and load-displacement curves (where available) are discussed in detail. Design loads, monitoring, and testing protocols are meant to be suitable for other similar standing seam roofing systems and to be a reference for systems manufacturers, in order to further develop their products and materials characteristics to easily comply with different projects requirements, and designers, to better choose and specify the systems to be used.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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SCRINZI_GIACOMO_PhD Thesis.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/206683