In this present essay, after defining what air pollution is and how it was discovered, why it is the cause of today's climate crisis and how the approach of major international institutions in addressing it has changed, it is illustrated how, at a European level, the transport sector is one of the major contributors to climate-altering and toxic emissions, by identifying the primary fuels currently in use. Subsequently, the main pollutants emitted by road vehicles and their potential health and environmental effects are defined. Following that, a model capable of simulating the longitudinal dynamics of a road vehicle based on the vehicle's characteristics, such as mass and frontal surface area, and the considered route parameters, such as slope and speed limits, is presented. The calculated variables, such as speed, acceleration, and engine power output, are then combined with internationally recognized emission factors to calculate equivalent CO2 emissions using a Well-to-Wheel approach, as well as other toxic pollutants emitted during the vehicle operations. Finally, this model is applied to a real-world case study to quantify the pollutants emitted during the operation of a EURO 6 urban bus powered by a diesel engine, selecting a vehicle model and a route actually used in the town of Cecina, Tuscany. Following that, the same model is applied to the same route, replacing the EURO 6 diesel bus with a full-electric vehicle, considering two different charging scenarios: from the grid and through a system entirely powered by photovoltaic panels. The results will demonstrate that the equivalent CO2 emissions of an electric bus charged from the grid are approximately one-quarter of those produced by a diesel bus. Furthermore, aside from particulate emissions resulting from brake, road surface, and tire wear, there are no toxic emissions from the electric bus. If the electric bus is charged using renewable sources, such as through an on-site photovoltaic installation, then emissions can be drastically reduced, highlighting also the necessity for a more rapid transition to renewable sources for the production of the electricity that is distributed on the national grid.
Nel presente elaborato, dopo aver definito che cosa sia il fenomeno dell’inquinamento atmosferico e di come sia stato scoperto, del perché sia la causa della crisi climatica odierna e di come sia cambiato l’approccio da parte delle maggiori istituzioni internazionali nell’affrontarlo, viene illustrato come, a livello europeo, il settore dei trasporti sia uno dei maggiori emettitori di specie tossiche e clima-alteranti, definendo quelli che sono i principali combustibili ad oggi utilizzati. Successivamente vengono definiti i principali inquinanti emessi dai veicoli stradali e gli effetti che questi possono avere sulla salute e sull’ambiente. Segue la presentazione di un modello in grado di simulare le dinamiche longitudinali di un veicolo stradale sulla base delle caratteristiche del veicolo utilizzato, come massa e superficie frontale, e del percorso preso in considerazione, come pendenza e limiti di velocità. Le grandezze così calcolate, come velocità, accelerazione e potenza generata dal motore, sono successivamente combinate con fattori di emissione internazionalmente riconosciuti per calcolare le emissioni di CO2 equivalente mediante un approccio di tipo Well-to-Wheel, e di altri inquinanti tossici emessi durante il moto del veicolo. Questo modello viene infine applicato ad un caso di studio reale per la quantificazione degli inquinanti emessi durante il servizio di un autobus urbano di classe EURO 6 alimentato da un motore diesel, selezionando un modello di veicolo e un percorso realmente utilizzati nella cittadina di Cecina, in Toscana. Segue poi l’applicazione del medesimo modello sullo stesso percorso, sostituendo l’autobus diesel EURO 6 con un veicolo full-electric, con due differenti scenari di ricarica: dalla rete e tramite un sistema alimentato interamente da pannelli fotovoltaici. I risultati mostrano come le emissioni di CO2 equivalente di un autobus elettrico ricaricato tramite rete siano circa un quarto di quelle prodotte da un autobus diesel, e ad esclusione del particolato prodotto dall’usura di freni, manto stradale e pneumatici, non ci siano emissioni tossiche da parte del bus elettrico. Se la sua ricarica avviene mediante fonti rinnovabili, come ad esempio mediante un impianto fotovoltaico installato in-loco, allora è possibile diminuire drasticamente le emissioni prodotte, a dimostrazione di quanto sia necessario una maggiore e più rapida transizione verso fonti rinnovabili anche per la produzione dell’energia elettrica immessa sulla rete di distribuzione nazionale.
Emissions from road transport: overview, modelling and real case application
BEZZINI, PIETRO
2022/2023
Abstract
In this present essay, after defining what air pollution is and how it was discovered, why it is the cause of today's climate crisis and how the approach of major international institutions in addressing it has changed, it is illustrated how, at a European level, the transport sector is one of the major contributors to climate-altering and toxic emissions, by identifying the primary fuels currently in use. Subsequently, the main pollutants emitted by road vehicles and their potential health and environmental effects are defined. Following that, a model capable of simulating the longitudinal dynamics of a road vehicle based on the vehicle's characteristics, such as mass and frontal surface area, and the considered route parameters, such as slope and speed limits, is presented. The calculated variables, such as speed, acceleration, and engine power output, are then combined with internationally recognized emission factors to calculate equivalent CO2 emissions using a Well-to-Wheel approach, as well as other toxic pollutants emitted during the vehicle operations. Finally, this model is applied to a real-world case study to quantify the pollutants emitted during the operation of a EURO 6 urban bus powered by a diesel engine, selecting a vehicle model and a route actually used in the town of Cecina, Tuscany. Following that, the same model is applied to the same route, replacing the EURO 6 diesel bus with a full-electric vehicle, considering two different charging scenarios: from the grid and through a system entirely powered by photovoltaic panels. The results will demonstrate that the equivalent CO2 emissions of an electric bus charged from the grid are approximately one-quarter of those produced by a diesel bus. Furthermore, aside from particulate emissions resulting from brake, road surface, and tire wear, there are no toxic emissions from the electric bus. If the electric bus is charged using renewable sources, such as through an on-site photovoltaic installation, then emissions can be drastically reduced, highlighting also the necessity for a more rapid transition to renewable sources for the production of the electricity that is distributed on the national grid.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/209477