Over the past couple of decades, controlled delivery systems gained a lot of interest, as they offer many advantages over traditional systems, like improved efficacy, time of release, and reduced toxicity. In this sense, the use and design of bicontinuous structures as carriers for drug delivery has emerged in various fields. A bicontinuous structure is a non-equilibrium system, composed by two immiscible liquids stabilized by a layer of nanoparticles jammed at the interface. Bicontinuous interfacially jammed emulsion gel, also known as bijels, are an example of this. They are Pickering emulsion where the organic and aqueous phases are present in similar quantities, stabilized by colloidal nanoparticles at the interface. With particular processing conditions they form interconnected porous structures. Recently, in the agricultural field the use of controlled release systems for pesticides and fertilizers, with various drug-carrying materials, begun to emerge, as they seem promising in reducing waste and environmental risks. In previous research, the potential of bijels formed from ε-caprolactone, ethanol, TBD and an aqueous phase containing hydroxyapatite nanoparticles was shown. In particular, the application in the agrochemical field was studied and, more specifically the suitability of the structures as slow-release fertilizers was demonstrated. The aim of this thesis is to expand on the research, by proving the suitability of bijels firstly for the slow release of pesticides and secondly for the controlled codelivery of both a pesticide and a fertilizer. In fact, a bijel-like structure is capable of being loaded with a hydrophilic and hydrophobic compound simultaneously. The selected pesticide and fertilizer were atrazine and urea respectively. The first step of the thesis work entailed the synthesis of these structures at different concentrations of the selected compounds, together and alone, to characterise them and help evaluate how the addition of compounds could affect the bijels’ morphology and structure. Several analyses were done, such as SEM-EDS, DSC, FTIR-ATR, GPC, and HR-MAS. It was discovered that the addition of a hydrophobic compound in the organic phase resulted in a slight decrease of mechanical and thermal properties, that fortunately did not affect the stability of the samples. The bicontinuity of the samples was verified and the diffusion coefficient were estimated. Subsequently, release tests in celite were conducted to assess the release profile of the samples, firstly with only atrazine, then with atrazine and urea. Celite was chosen as it is a soil-like compound and can imitate real conditions, the samples were buried in it and using syringe pumps constant dripping of water over them was achieved. The aqueous samples were subjected to solid-phase extraction (SPE) to change the matrix, from water to ethyl acetate, to then be able to analyse them with gas chromatography using an electron capture detector capable of quantifying the atrazine release. For release tests with also urea present, the aqueous samples coming from the solid-phase extraction were derivatized with a solution of DMAB, ethanol, and hydrochloric acid and then analysed with a UV/Vis spectrophotometer, to quantify them. The release tests were all performed in triplicate and the duration was around 18 days. The results obtained, show that bijels are suitable systems for the controlled release of a pesticide and a fertilizer, on their own or together.
Negli ultimi due decenni, i sistemi a rilascio controllato hanno acquisito molto interesse, in quanto rispetto ai sistemi tradizionali offrono molti vantaggi, tra cui una maggiore efficacia, un tempo di rilascio aumentato, e una minore tossicità. In questo senso, l'uso e il design di strutture bicontinue come vettori per la somministrazione di composti è emerso in diversi campi. Una struttura bicontinua è un sistema di non equilibrio, composto da due liquidi immiscibili stabilizzati da uno strato di nanoparticelle incastrate all'interfaccia. I gel di emulsioni bicontinue interfacciali, noti anche come bijel, ne sono un esempio. Si tratta di emulsioni di Pickering in cui la fase organica e acquosa sono presenti in quantità simili, stabilizzate da nanoparticelle colloidali all'interfaccia. Con particolari condizioni si possono formare strutture porose interconnesse. Recentemente, in campo agricolo è emerso l'uso di sistemi a rilascio controllato per somministrazione di pesticidi e fertilizzanti, attraverso l’uso di diversi materiali già usati per drug-delivery, dal momento che sembrano promettenti per ridurre gli sprechi e i rischi ambientali. In precedenti ricerche è stato dimostrato il potenziale dei bijel formati da ε-caprolattone, etanolo, TBD e una fase acquosa contenente nanoparticelle di idrossiapatite. In particolare, è stata studiata l'applicazione in campo agrochimico e dimostrata l'idoneità delle strutture come fertilizzanti a rilascio lento. L'obiettivo di questa tesi è quello di ampliare la ricerca, dimostrando in primo luogo l'idoneità dei bijel per il rilascio lento di un pesticida e in secondo luogo per il rilascio combinato di un pesticida e un fertilizzante. Infatti, una struttura come il bijel è in grado di essere caricata con un composto idrofilo e idrofobo contemporaneamente. Il pesticida e il fertilizzante selezionati sono stati rispettivamente l'atrazina e l'urea. La prima fase del lavoro di tesi ha comportato la sintesi di queste strutture a diverse concentrazioni dei composti selezionati, insieme e da soli, per poterle caratterizzare e in questo modo valutare come l'aggiunta dei composti possa influenzare la morfologia e la struttura del bijel. Sono state effettuate diverse analisi, come SEM-EDS, DSC, FTIR-ATR, GPC e HR-MAS. È stato scoperto che l'aggiunta di un composto idrofobico nella fase organica comporta una leggera diminuzione delle proprietà meccaniche e termiche, che fortunatamente non influiscono sulla stabilità dei campioni. Inoltre, è stata verificata la bicontinuità dei campioni e sono stati stimati i coefficienti di diffusione. Successivamente, sono stati condotti test di rilascio in celite per valutare il profilo di rilascio dei campioni, prima con solo atrazina, poi con entrambi i composti. La celite è stata scelta in quanto è un composto simile al suolo e può imitarne le condizioni, i campioni sono stati interrati nella celite stessa, e con l'ausilio di pompe a siringa è stato ottenuto un gocciolamento costante di acqua su di essi. I campioni acquosi sono stati sottoposti a estrazione in fase solida per cambiare la matrice, dall'acqua all'acetato di etile, e quindi poterli poi analizzare attraverso gascromatografia utilizzando un rivelatore a cattura di elettroni in grado di quantificare il rilascio di atrazina. Per i test di rilascio con presenza anche di urea, i campioni acquosi provenienti dall'estrazione in fase solida sono stati derivatizzati con una soluzione di DMAB, etanolo e acido cloridrico e poi analizzati con uno spettrofotometro UV/Vis, per quantificarli. I test di rilascio sono stati eseguiti tutti in triplo e la durata è stata di circa 18 giorni. I risultati ottenuti dimostrano che i bijel sono sistemi adatti per il rilascio controllato di un pesticida e di un fertilizzante, da soli o in combinazione.
Synthesis and characterization of organic bijel-like structures for the controlled release of a pesticide-fertilizer system
Zanino, Alessandro
2022/2023
Abstract
Over the past couple of decades, controlled delivery systems gained a lot of interest, as they offer many advantages over traditional systems, like improved efficacy, time of release, and reduced toxicity. In this sense, the use and design of bicontinuous structures as carriers for drug delivery has emerged in various fields. A bicontinuous structure is a non-equilibrium system, composed by two immiscible liquids stabilized by a layer of nanoparticles jammed at the interface. Bicontinuous interfacially jammed emulsion gel, also known as bijels, are an example of this. They are Pickering emulsion where the organic and aqueous phases are present in similar quantities, stabilized by colloidal nanoparticles at the interface. With particular processing conditions they form interconnected porous structures. Recently, in the agricultural field the use of controlled release systems for pesticides and fertilizers, with various drug-carrying materials, begun to emerge, as they seem promising in reducing waste and environmental risks. In previous research, the potential of bijels formed from ε-caprolactone, ethanol, TBD and an aqueous phase containing hydroxyapatite nanoparticles was shown. In particular, the application in the agrochemical field was studied and, more specifically the suitability of the structures as slow-release fertilizers was demonstrated. The aim of this thesis is to expand on the research, by proving the suitability of bijels firstly for the slow release of pesticides and secondly for the controlled codelivery of both a pesticide and a fertilizer. In fact, a bijel-like structure is capable of being loaded with a hydrophilic and hydrophobic compound simultaneously. The selected pesticide and fertilizer were atrazine and urea respectively. The first step of the thesis work entailed the synthesis of these structures at different concentrations of the selected compounds, together and alone, to characterise them and help evaluate how the addition of compounds could affect the bijels’ morphology and structure. Several analyses were done, such as SEM-EDS, DSC, FTIR-ATR, GPC, and HR-MAS. It was discovered that the addition of a hydrophobic compound in the organic phase resulted in a slight decrease of mechanical and thermal properties, that fortunately did not affect the stability of the samples. The bicontinuity of the samples was verified and the diffusion coefficient were estimated. Subsequently, release tests in celite were conducted to assess the release profile of the samples, firstly with only atrazine, then with atrazine and urea. Celite was chosen as it is a soil-like compound and can imitate real conditions, the samples were buried in it and using syringe pumps constant dripping of water over them was achieved. The aqueous samples were subjected to solid-phase extraction (SPE) to change the matrix, from water to ethyl acetate, to then be able to analyse them with gas chromatography using an electron capture detector capable of quantifying the atrazine release. For release tests with also urea present, the aqueous samples coming from the solid-phase extraction were derivatized with a solution of DMAB, ethanol, and hydrochloric acid and then analysed with a UV/Vis spectrophotometer, to quantify them. The release tests were all performed in triplicate and the duration was around 18 days. The results obtained, show that bijels are suitable systems for the controlled release of a pesticide and a fertilizer, on their own or together.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2023_10_Executive Summary_02.pdf
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2023_10_Tesi_01.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/210471