Hadrontherapy, a rapidly advancing technique used in cancer treatment worldwide, offers significant advantages over conventional radiation sources such as photons and electrons. Proton and carbon ion beams possess superior dosimetric properties due to their ability to precisely deposit radiation at a localized maximum known as the Bragg peak. This selective depth adjustment enables highly targeted treatments, minimizing damage to healthy tissues surrounding the tumor area. However, one limitation of this technique is its susceptibility to deviations from the treatment plan or uncertainties within the plan itself. To overcome this challenge and enhance treatment accuracy, researchers have been explor- ing methods to monitor and control the range of the hadron beam in real-time. Among the various verification techniques, the use of prompt gamma-rays (PG) which are high-energy photons emitted during interactions between ions and tissues, shows to be promising. These gamma-rays are closely linked to the ion’s penetration depth in the tissue, making them valuable indicators of the Bragg peak’s position. Accurately measuring the spatial distribution, energy, and arrival time of these prompt gamma-rays would enable precise determination of the Bragg peak location. However, it has been observed that the measurements of prompt gamma-rays are signifi- cantly affected by the presence of a neutron background, which is unrelated to the Bragg peak and can limit the effectiveness range monitoring. This thesis presents an investigation into the waveforms produced by a CLYC scintillator when exposed to different radiation types. The crystal exhibits different light emission profiles with distinct temporal characteristics, which are dependent on the specific radia- tion source detected. Pulse Shape Discrimination (PSD) is a technique employed to distinguish between various radiation sources by analyzing their characteristic pulse shapes. By combining PSD with a CLYC scintillator, it becomes possible to mitigate the neutron background in prompt gamma-ray (PG) measurements during hadrontherapy. This work intends to study the waveforms generated by a CLYC crystal when detecting gamma-rays and neutrons in order to build an electronic emulator for the two signals. The availability of an emulator allows for the testing of the PSD capability of a custom ASIC, named SITH, without the need of any radiation source and detector. For this purposes two circuit boards have been designed: one mimics the CLYC waveforms and the other reads-out the signals from the ASIC in order to study the resulting PSD. The discussion is organized as follows: • Chapter 1: explores the project background, providing an overview of the funda- mental principles of hadrontherapy physics. The current status of range monitor- ing techniques utilizing prompt-gamma rays is analyzed, considering the associated challenges and limitations. Furthermore, the project introduces the Pulse Shape Discrimination method, along with the purpose of the project. • Chapter 2: the fundamentals of gamma ray detection are revisited, followed by a comprehensive examination of the key components of the detection setup, which include the CLYC crystal, the SiPM matrix and the SITH ASIC. • Chapter 3: presents the analysis of experimental data obtained from the irradiation of the CLYC scintillator with radiation sources. The detected neutron and gamma waveform are separated to recover the distinct timing properties of the two signals. • Chapter 4: details the process of designing the two circuit boards. The emulator has been simulated to ensure the correspondence with the experimental data while a transimpedance amplifier has been developed to read-out the current signal from the ASIC. • Chapter 5: illustrates the setup and experimental characterization of the two boards which includes measurements of the waveforms generated by the emulator and calculation of the PSD on the signals collected from the ASIC output. • Chapter 6: draws the conclusions of the work and delineates the possible future steps of the project.
L’adroterapia, una tecnica in rapida evoluzione utilizzata nel trattamento del cancro in tutto il mondo, offre vantaggi significativi rispetto alle sorgenti di radiazioni convenzionali come fotoni ed elettroni. I fasci di protoni e di ioni di carbonio possiedono proprietà dosimetriche superiori grazie alla loro capacità di depositare con precisione le radiazioni in corrispondenza di un massimo localizzato, noto come picco di Bragg. Questa regolazione selettiva della profondità consente trattamenti altamente mirati e riduce al minimo i danni ai tessuti sani che circondano l’area tumorale. Tuttavia, un limite di questa tecnica è la sua suscettibilità alle deviazioni dal piano di trattamento o alle incertezze del piano stesso. Per superare questo problema e migliorare l’accuratezza del trattamento, i ricercatori hanno esplorato metodi per monitorare e controllare la portata del fascio di adroni in tempo reale. Tra le varie tecniche di verifica, è promettente l’uso di fotoni ad alta energia, chiamati Prompt Gamma (PG), emessi durante le interazioni tra ioni e tessuti. Questi raggi gamma sono strettamente legati alla profondità di penetrazione dello ione nel tessuto, il che li rende ottimi indicatori della posizione del picco di Bragg. La misurazione accurata della distribuzione spaziale, dell’energia e del tempo di arrivo di questi Prompt Gamma consentirebbe di determinare con precisione la posizione del picco di Bragg. Tuttavia, è stato osservato che le misurazioni dei Prompt Gamma sono significativamente influenzate dalla presenza di un fondo neutronico, il quale non è correlato al picco di Bragg e può limitare l’efficacia del monitoraggio della posizione. Questa tesi presenta un’indagine sulle forme d’onda prodotte da uno scintillatore CLYC quando è esposto a diversi tipi di radiazioni. Il cristallo presenta diversi profili di emissione luminosa con caratteristiche temporali distinte, che dipendono dalla specifica sorgente di radiazione rilevata. La Pulse Shape Discrimination (PSD) è una tecnica utilizzata per distinguere le varie sorgenti di radiazioni analizzando le loro forme d’impulso caratteristiche. Combinando la PSD con uno scintillatore CLYC, diventa possibile mitigare il fondo neutronico nelle misure dei Prompt Gamma durante l’adroterapia. Questo lavoro intende studiare le forme d’onda generate da un cristallo CLYC durante la rilevazione di raggi gamma e neutroni, al fine di costruire un emulatore elettronico per i due segnali. La disponibilità di un emulatore consente di testare la capacità di discriminazione attraverso PSD di un ASIC, denominato SITH, senza la necessità di alcuna sorgente di radiazioni e fotorivelatore. A questo scopo sono stati progettati due circuiti: uno imita le forme d’onda del CLYC e l’altro legge i segnali dall’ASIC per studiare la PSD risultante. La discussione è organizzata come segue: • Capitolo 1: esplora il background del progetto, fornendo una panoramica dei prin- cipi fondamentali della fisica dell’adroterapia. Viene analizzato lo stato attuale delle tecniche di monitoraggio della posizione che utilizzano i Prompt gamma, con- siderando le sfide e le limitazioni associate. Inoltre, il progetto introduce il metodo di Pulse Shape Discrimination (PSD), insieme allo scopo del progetto. • Capitolo 2: vengono rivisitati i fondamenti del rilevamento dei raggi gamma, se- guiti da un completo esame dei componenti chiave dell’impianto di rilevamento, che comprendono il cristallo CLYC, la matrice SiPM e l’ASIC SITH. • Capitolo 3: presenta l’analisi dei dati sperimentali ottenuti dall’irraggiamento dello scintillatore CLYC con sorgenti di radiazioni. La forma d’onda rilevata per i neutroni e per i gamma viene separata per determinare le proprietà temporali distinte dei due segnali. • Capitolo 4: illustra in dettaglio il processo di progettazione dei due circuiti stam- pati. L’emulatore è stato simulato per garantire la corrispondenza con i dati sper- imentali, mentre per leggere il segnale di corrente dall’ASIC è stato sviluppato un amplificatore a transimpedenza. • Capitolo 5: tratta dell’impostazione e della caratterizzazione sperimentale dei due circuiti. Comprende le misure delle forme d’onda generate dall’emulatore e il calcolo della PSD sui segnali raccolti dall’uscita dell’ASIC. • Capitolo 6: trae le conclusioni del lavoro e delinea i possibili passi futuri del pro- getto.
Study and electronic emulation of CLYC waveforms for gamma neutron discrimination
CACCIAMANI, STEFANO
2022/2023
Abstract
Hadrontherapy, a rapidly advancing technique used in cancer treatment worldwide, offers significant advantages over conventional radiation sources such as photons and electrons. Proton and carbon ion beams possess superior dosimetric properties due to their ability to precisely deposit radiation at a localized maximum known as the Bragg peak. This selective depth adjustment enables highly targeted treatments, minimizing damage to healthy tissues surrounding the tumor area. However, one limitation of this technique is its susceptibility to deviations from the treatment plan or uncertainties within the plan itself. To overcome this challenge and enhance treatment accuracy, researchers have been explor- ing methods to monitor and control the range of the hadron beam in real-time. Among the various verification techniques, the use of prompt gamma-rays (PG) which are high-energy photons emitted during interactions between ions and tissues, shows to be promising. These gamma-rays are closely linked to the ion’s penetration depth in the tissue, making them valuable indicators of the Bragg peak’s position. Accurately measuring the spatial distribution, energy, and arrival time of these prompt gamma-rays would enable precise determination of the Bragg peak location. However, it has been observed that the measurements of prompt gamma-rays are signifi- cantly affected by the presence of a neutron background, which is unrelated to the Bragg peak and can limit the effectiveness range monitoring. This thesis presents an investigation into the waveforms produced by a CLYC scintillator when exposed to different radiation types. The crystal exhibits different light emission profiles with distinct temporal characteristics, which are dependent on the specific radia- tion source detected. Pulse Shape Discrimination (PSD) is a technique employed to distinguish between various radiation sources by analyzing their characteristic pulse shapes. By combining PSD with a CLYC scintillator, it becomes possible to mitigate the neutron background in prompt gamma-ray (PG) measurements during hadrontherapy. This work intends to study the waveforms generated by a CLYC crystal when detecting gamma-rays and neutrons in order to build an electronic emulator for the two signals. The availability of an emulator allows for the testing of the PSD capability of a custom ASIC, named SITH, without the need of any radiation source and detector. For this purposes two circuit boards have been designed: one mimics the CLYC waveforms and the other reads-out the signals from the ASIC in order to study the resulting PSD. The discussion is organized as follows: • Chapter 1: explores the project background, providing an overview of the funda- mental principles of hadrontherapy physics. The current status of range monitor- ing techniques utilizing prompt-gamma rays is analyzed, considering the associated challenges and limitations. Furthermore, the project introduces the Pulse Shape Discrimination method, along with the purpose of the project. • Chapter 2: the fundamentals of gamma ray detection are revisited, followed by a comprehensive examination of the key components of the detection setup, which include the CLYC crystal, the SiPM matrix and the SITH ASIC. • Chapter 3: presents the analysis of experimental data obtained from the irradiation of the CLYC scintillator with radiation sources. The detected neutron and gamma waveform are separated to recover the distinct timing properties of the two signals. • Chapter 4: details the process of designing the two circuit boards. The emulator has been simulated to ensure the correspondence with the experimental data while a transimpedance amplifier has been developed to read-out the current signal from the ASIC. • Chapter 5: illustrates the setup and experimental characterization of the two boards which includes measurements of the waveforms generated by the emulator and calculation of the PSD on the signals collected from the ASIC output. • Chapter 6: draws the conclusions of the work and delineates the possible future steps of the project.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2023_07_Cacciamani.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/210630