Natural catastrophic events can be a problem not only because of their direct effects on people and structures, but also because of their impact on industrial activities, causing accidental releases of hazardous substances from installations and storage. Cascading events that occur when technological systems are affected by the impact of natural hazards that in turn cause the release of hazardous materials are called “NaTech” events, indicating their dual composition, natural and technological. The objective of this paper is to develop a simplified methodology for assessing NaTech risk due to tornadoes and severe wind gusts that provides the basis for objective comparison, although simplified, of both the risk posed by different plants potentially subject to extreme windy events; both for the identification of which are, within the single plant, the most critical equipment. The aim is to discern in this way high risk situations, for which it is necessary to carry out a quantitative risk analysis from those at low risk, thus avoiding waste of resources for analysis with more expensive methodologies. In this sense, the proposed methodology is divided into three steps. The first step, definable screening, consists in a preliminary analysis of investigation and applicability of NaTech risk: it is based on the division of the Italian territory into grids in order to isolate geomorphologically homogeneous regions, and on the extraction and classification of historical events from a database, concluding with the assignment to the plant’s cell of a “territorial propensity level”. The second step consists in identifying the danger centres and the critical equipment, and aims to assign each of them a qualitative risk index, given by the multiplication between a magnitude index and a frequency index. The frequency index is itself determined by two indices: a screening index, which takes into account the geographical location of the plant and a vulnerability index, assigned on the basis of the characteristics of the individual asset. Finally, the third step consists in the quantitative risk analysis, and is here treated only marginally, since it does not differ much from the quantitative analysis methodologies already in use for conventional technological risks. The NaTech events, in fact, while differentiating themselves for the initiating causes from the more classic “technological events” (meaning with this term the industrial incidents that arose from “internal” causes, such as malfunctions, design errors or human operating errors) result in the same incidental scenarios. Therefore, the possible impact of a natural hazard on an industrial plant can be seen as a further precursor event, the frequency of occurrence of which is added to that of the other possible initiating causes and of origin inside the plant that lead to the incidental scenario, determining an increase of probability of the same.
Gli eventi catastrofici naturali possono rappresentare un problema non solo in virtù dei loro effetti diretti su persone e strutture, ma anche a seguito del loro impatto su attività industriali, causando rilasci accidentali di sostanze pericolose da impianti e stoccaggi. Eventi a cascata che si manifestano quando i sistemi tecnologici sono interessati dall'impatto di pericoli naturali che a loro volta provocano il rilascio di materiali pericolosi vengono definiti eventi “NaTech”, a indicare la loro doppia composizione, naturale e tecnologica. L’obiettivo del presente lavoro è sviluppare una metodologia semplificata di valutazione del rischio NaTech dovuto a tornado e forti raffiche di vento che fornisca le basi per una comparazione oggettiva, benché semplificata, sia del rischio posto da differenti impianti potenzialmente soggetti a eventi ventosi estremi; sia per l’individuazione di quali siano, all’interno del singolo impianto, le apparecchiature più critiche. Il fine è di discernere in tal modo le situazioni a rischio elevato, per le quali è necessario procedere a un’analisi di rischio quantitativa da quelle a rischio basso, evitando così spreco di risorse per l’analisi con metodologie più onerose. In tal senso la metodologia proposta prevede una suddivisone in tre step. Il primo step, definibile di screening, consiste in un’analisi preliminare di indagine e di applicabilità del rischio NaTech: si basa sulla suddivisione del territorio italiano in griglie al fine di isolare regioni geomorfologicamente omogenee, e sull’estrazione e la classificazione degli eventi storici da una banca dati, concludendo con l’assegnazione alla cella di appartenenza dell’impianto di un “livello di propensione territoriale”. Il secondo step consiste nell’individuazione dei centri di pericolo e delle apparecchiature critiche. Viene assegnata ad ognuna di esse un indice di rischio qualitativo, ottenuto combinando un indice di magnitudo ed uno di frequenza. Quest’ultimo viene a sua volta determinato da due indici, uno di screening, che tenga conto della localizzazione geografica dell’impianto e uno di vulnerabilità, assegnato sulla base delle caratteristiche del singolo asset. In fine, il terzo step consiste nell’analisi di rischio quantitativa e viene qui solo marginalmente trattato, dal momento che non si discosta molto dalle metodologie di analisi quantitativa già in uso per i rischi tecnologici convenzionali. Gli eventi NaTech, infatti, pur differenziandosi per le cause iniziatrici dai più classici “eventi tecnologici” (intendendo con questo termine gli incidenti industriali scaturiti da cause “interne”, quali malfunzionamenti, errori di progetto o errori operativi umani), sfociano nei medesimi scenari incidentali. Per tanto, il possibile impatto di un pericolo naturale su un impianto industriale può essere visto come un ulteriore evento precursore, la cui frequenza di accadimento si somma a quella delle altre cause iniziatrici ipotizzabili e di origine interna all’impianto che conducono allo scenario incidentale, determinando un incremento di probabilità dello stesso.
Definizione di un approccio semplificato per la valutazione del rischio NaTech determinato da tornado
Santamato, Fabrizio
2022/2023
Abstract
Natural catastrophic events can be a problem not only because of their direct effects on people and structures, but also because of their impact on industrial activities, causing accidental releases of hazardous substances from installations and storage. Cascading events that occur when technological systems are affected by the impact of natural hazards that in turn cause the release of hazardous materials are called “NaTech” events, indicating their dual composition, natural and technological. The objective of this paper is to develop a simplified methodology for assessing NaTech risk due to tornadoes and severe wind gusts that provides the basis for objective comparison, although simplified, of both the risk posed by different plants potentially subject to extreme windy events; both for the identification of which are, within the single plant, the most critical equipment. The aim is to discern in this way high risk situations, for which it is necessary to carry out a quantitative risk analysis from those at low risk, thus avoiding waste of resources for analysis with more expensive methodologies. In this sense, the proposed methodology is divided into three steps. The first step, definable screening, consists in a preliminary analysis of investigation and applicability of NaTech risk: it is based on the division of the Italian territory into grids in order to isolate geomorphologically homogeneous regions, and on the extraction and classification of historical events from a database, concluding with the assignment to the plant’s cell of a “territorial propensity level”. The second step consists in identifying the danger centres and the critical equipment, and aims to assign each of them a qualitative risk index, given by the multiplication between a magnitude index and a frequency index. The frequency index is itself determined by two indices: a screening index, which takes into account the geographical location of the plant and a vulnerability index, assigned on the basis of the characteristics of the individual asset. Finally, the third step consists in the quantitative risk analysis, and is here treated only marginally, since it does not differ much from the quantitative analysis methodologies already in use for conventional technological risks. The NaTech events, in fact, while differentiating themselves for the initiating causes from the more classic “technological events” (meaning with this term the industrial incidents that arose from “internal” causes, such as malfunctions, design errors or human operating errors) result in the same incidental scenarios. Therefore, the possible impact of a natural hazard on an industrial plant can be seen as a further precursor event, the frequency of occurrence of which is added to that of the other possible initiating causes and of origin inside the plant that lead to the incidental scenario, determining an increase of probability of the same.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY - SANTAMATO FABRIZIO - Definizione di un approccio semplificato per la valutazione del rischio Natech determinato da tornado.pdf
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TESI SANTAMATO FABRIZIO - Definizione di un approccio semplificato per la valutazione del rischio Natech determinato da tornado.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/210888