Business-to-Consumer (B2C) e-commerce is experiencing continuous growth year after year, leading to increased logistics challenges, particularly in the final distribution step to the end user (i.e., last mile delivery). One of the biggest challenges that this rising pace brings along is the environmental sustainability of the process. The final distribution step to consumers has resulted in a significant increase in vans on the roads, contributing to greater greenhouse gases emissions. Existing studies address the topic by comparing one emerging solution with traditional home delivery or conduct qualitative reviews. Few studies adopt a multi-solution approach and provide quantitative and empirical comparisons. Furthermore, the analysis of sustainability in B2C e-commerce often concentrates on urban environments, neglecting rural areas. This paper aims to fill the emerged gaps by developing a model that quantifies the environmental impact of various innovative solutions in different geographical contexts, considering the non-grocery sector. The model utilizes Microsoft Excel and ArcGIS, to accurately replicate the last mile process and simulate geostatistical data. The research findings show that last mile delivery in extra-urban areas proves to be on average four times more polluting than in city centres. The worst last mile solutions are parcel lockers in urban areas and traditional home delivery in extra-urban areas, emitting 0.1966 and 0.5727 kgCO2e/parcel respectively. However, a sensitivity analysis on consumer behaviour reveals that parcel lockers’ emissions are highly dependent on the transportation mode chosen by the consumers. Electric vans emerge as the most environmentally friendly choice, reducing emissions by approximately 80% compared to traditional delivery methods in both geographical contexts. Cargo bikes, robots, drones, and a hybrid solution using all of them on average can contribute to reduce emissions by 57%, demonstrating their environmental friendliness. The study offers valuable insights for researchers and practitioners seeking to enhance the sustainability of last mile delivery operations.
Il commercio elettronico business-to-consumer (B2C) sta vivendo una crescita continua anno dopo anno, portando ad un aumento delle sfide logistiche, in particolare nella fase finale di consegna al cliente (ovvero, la consegna dell'ultimo miglio). Una delle maggiori sfide che questa crescita comporta è la sostenibilità ambientale del processo. Infatti, la consegna dell’ultimo miglio ha causato un aumento significativo dei van sulle strade, contribuendo ad aumentare le emissioni di gas serra. Gli studi esistenti affrontano l'argomento confrontando spesso una soluzione alternativa con la tradizionale consegna a domicilio o conducono analisi qualitative. Pochi studi adottano un approccio multi-soluzione e forniscono confronti quantitativi ed empirici. Inoltre, l'analisi della sostenibilità nel commercio elettronico B2C si concentra spesso sulle aree urbane, trascurando le aree rurali. Il presente lavoro si propone di colmare le lacune emerse sviluppando un modello che quantifica l'impatto ambientale di varie soluzioni innovative in diversi contesti geografici, considerando il settore non alimentare. Il modello utilizza Microsoft Excel e ArcGIS, per replicare accuratamente il processo dell'ultimo miglio e simulare dati geostatistici. I risultati della ricerca mostrano che la consegna dell'ultimo miglio nelle aree extraurbane si rivela in media quattro volte più inquinante rispetto ai centri urbani. Le soluzioni peggiori per l'ultimo miglio sono i parcel locker nelle aree urbane e la tradizionale consegna a domicilio nelle aree extraurbane, che emettono rispettivamente 0,1966 e 0,5727 kgCO2e/pacco. Tuttavia, un'analisi di sensitività sul comportamento dei consumatori rivela che le emissioni dei parcel locker dipendono fortemente dalla modalità di trasporto da loro scelta. I furgoni elettrici emergono come la scelta più ecologica, riducendo le emissioni di circa l'80% rispetto alla consegna tradizionale in entrambi i contesti geografici. Cargo bike, robot, droni e una soluzione ibrida che li utilizzi tutti possono contribuire in media a ridurre le emissioni del 57%, dimostrando la loro ecosostenibilità. Lo studio offre spunti preziosi per ricercatori e professionisti che cercano di migliorare la sostenibilità delle operazioni di consegna dell'ultimo miglio.
Innovative solutions and last mile delivery: a model to assess CO2e emissions in B2C e-commerce
Luppi, Federico
2022/2023
Abstract
Business-to-Consumer (B2C) e-commerce is experiencing continuous growth year after year, leading to increased logistics challenges, particularly in the final distribution step to the end user (i.e., last mile delivery). One of the biggest challenges that this rising pace brings along is the environmental sustainability of the process. The final distribution step to consumers has resulted in a significant increase in vans on the roads, contributing to greater greenhouse gases emissions. Existing studies address the topic by comparing one emerging solution with traditional home delivery or conduct qualitative reviews. Few studies adopt a multi-solution approach and provide quantitative and empirical comparisons. Furthermore, the analysis of sustainability in B2C e-commerce often concentrates on urban environments, neglecting rural areas. This paper aims to fill the emerged gaps by developing a model that quantifies the environmental impact of various innovative solutions in different geographical contexts, considering the non-grocery sector. The model utilizes Microsoft Excel and ArcGIS, to accurately replicate the last mile process and simulate geostatistical data. The research findings show that last mile delivery in extra-urban areas proves to be on average four times more polluting than in city centres. The worst last mile solutions are parcel lockers in urban areas and traditional home delivery in extra-urban areas, emitting 0.1966 and 0.5727 kgCO2e/parcel respectively. However, a sensitivity analysis on consumer behaviour reveals that parcel lockers’ emissions are highly dependent on the transportation mode chosen by the consumers. Electric vans emerge as the most environmentally friendly choice, reducing emissions by approximately 80% compared to traditional delivery methods in both geographical contexts. Cargo bikes, robots, drones, and a hybrid solution using all of them on average can contribute to reduce emissions by 57%, demonstrating their environmental friendliness. The study offers valuable insights for researchers and practitioners seeking to enhance the sustainability of last mile delivery operations.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2023_07_Luppi.pdf
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2023_07_Luppi_Executive_Summary.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/212019