Oleofoams are fat-based aerated systems that are attracting increasing attention in the food industry due to the many benefits they can bring, such as improved product quality and nutritional profile, as well as increased stability. The aim of this study was to optimize the formulation and preparation method of an oleofoam based on a combination of vegetable oils with the use of a surfactant, and then to evaluate the effects of incorporating common food ingredients, with the goal of obtaining a product with a distinctive and pleasant flavour. Different oil ratios were tested to determine the optimum mix and two methods were compared to determine the best performing one. A full characterisation of the selected blend was carried out, providing insight into the shape and arrangement of the crystals and the rheology of the system. The addition of powder ingredients was unsuccessful as the texture of the finished product was rough. This problem was attributed to the particle size of the powders being above the perceivable threshold on the palate of 25μm. The introduction of nut butters, on the other hand, has resulted in a smooth and homogeneous product, thanks to the fact that the nuts are subjected to milling in the butter production, which appropriately reduces their particle size. Based on this finding, the use of semi-finished products was also investigated, as all their powder components have already been through refining steps and therefore their granulometry matches the desired one. However, the resulting oleofoams were still not acceptable due to their sandy consistency. Instead, when the production process was varied slightly and the semi-finished products were processed at lower temperature, the foam ended up being smooth and homogeneous. By analysing all the oleogels and the corresponding oleofoams, it was possible to reflect on their performance and the occurrence of different mechanisms in each system.
Le oleofoam sono sistemi aerati a base di grassi che stanno attirando sempre più attenzione nell'industria alimentare grazie ai numerosi vantaggi che possono apportare, come una migliore qualità del prodotto e del profilo nutrizionale, nonché una maggiore stabilità. Lo scopo di questo studio è stato quello di ottimizzare la formulazione e il metodo di preparazione di una oleofoam basata su una combinazione di oli vegetali con l'utilizzo di un tensioattivo, e quindi di valutare gli effetti dell'incorporazione di comuni ingredienti alimentari, con l'obiettivo di ottenere un prodotto con un sapore caratteristico e gradevole. Sono stati testati diversi rapporti di olio per determinare la miscela ottimale e sono stati confrontati due metodi per identificare quello con le migliori prestazioni. È stata effettuata una caratterizzazione completa della miscela selezionata, fornendo informazioni sulla forma e la disposizione dei cristalli e sulla reologia del sistema. L'aggiunta di ingredienti in polvere non ha avuto successo poiché la consistenza del prodotto finito è risultata ruvida. Questo problema è stato attribuito al fatto che la granulometria delle polveri era superiore alla soglia percepibile al palato di 25μm. L'introduzione di burri di frutta secca, invece, ha permesso di ottenere un prodotto liscio ed omogeneo, grazie al fatto che nella produzione delle paste, la frutta a guscio viene sottoposta ad una macinazione che ne riduce opportunamente la granulometria. Sulla base di questo rilievo è stato indagato anche l'utilizzo dei semilavorati, in quanto tutti i loro componenti in polvere hanno già subito fasi di raffinazione e quindi la loro granulometria corrisponde a quella desiderata. Nonostante questo, le oleofoam risultanti non erano ancora accettabili a causa della loro consistenza sabbiosa. Invece, variando leggermente il processo produttivo e introducendo i semilavorati a temperature più basse, la schiuma è risultata liscia ed omogenea. Analizzando tutti gli oleogel e le corrispondenti oleofoam è stato possibile riflettere sulle loro prestazioni e sull'instaurarsi di meccanismi diversi in ciascun sistema.
Vegetable oil-based oleofoams for food industry: optimization and characterization
Lodigiani, Giulia
2022/2023
Abstract
Oleofoams are fat-based aerated systems that are attracting increasing attention in the food industry due to the many benefits they can bring, such as improved product quality and nutritional profile, as well as increased stability. The aim of this study was to optimize the formulation and preparation method of an oleofoam based on a combination of vegetable oils with the use of a surfactant, and then to evaluate the effects of incorporating common food ingredients, with the goal of obtaining a product with a distinctive and pleasant flavour. Different oil ratios were tested to determine the optimum mix and two methods were compared to determine the best performing one. A full characterisation of the selected blend was carried out, providing insight into the shape and arrangement of the crystals and the rheology of the system. The addition of powder ingredients was unsuccessful as the texture of the finished product was rough. This problem was attributed to the particle size of the powders being above the perceivable threshold on the palate of 25μm. The introduction of nut butters, on the other hand, has resulted in a smooth and homogeneous product, thanks to the fact that the nuts are subjected to milling in the butter production, which appropriately reduces their particle size. Based on this finding, the use of semi-finished products was also investigated, as all their powder components have already been through refining steps and therefore their granulometry matches the desired one. However, the resulting oleofoams were still not acceptable due to their sandy consistency. Instead, when the production process was varied slightly and the semi-finished products were processed at lower temperature, the foam ended up being smooth and homogeneous. By analysing all the oleogels and the corresponding oleofoams, it was possible to reflect on their performance and the occurrence of different mechanisms in each system.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Thesis_Giulia Lodigiani.pdf
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Executive summary_Giulia Lodigiani.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/214780