The electric vehicle market plays an important role in the decarbonization of the transport sector, which accounts for about a quarter of the carbon dioxide emissions of Europe. This market is destined to expand in the coming years, also encouraged by regulatory reforms, increasingly directed towards a "carbon-free" world. For this reason, an ever-increasing number of lithium-ion batteries, retired after the end of their useful life in electric vehicles, will need to be managed. To avoid waste of resources and materials, these batteries could be employed in less demanding applications. To ensure this opportunity, it is necessary to estimate their state of health and residual life. The aim of this work is to understand how the performance of lithium-ion batteries varies, to correlate these variations to the operating conditions and to deduce the degradation mechanisms accordingly. For this purpose, the experimental campaign started in the previous thesis work, based on the application of dynamic load profiles, was carried out for about four months, together with two calendar aging campaigns, conducted at 25°C and 45°C, which allow to separate the contribution of the degradation due to the thermodynamic conditions of the battery from that caused by the effective use of the device. To adequately interpret the experimental results, a physical model of the battery was widely used. The analysis performed highlights that the degradation mechanisms responsible for the worsening of the performance of lithium-ion batteries depend strongly on the operating conditions; in particular, depth of discharge, state of charge and temperature are the most impacting variables. Finally, information resulting from tests performed on half-cells, built using both new and aged samples, are exploited to validate the model results and their interpretation, with successful results.
Il mercato dei veicoli elettrici ricopre un ruolo fondamentale per la decarbonizzazione del settore trasporti, il quale è responsabile di circa un quarto delle emissioni di anidride carbonica in Europa. Questo mercato è destinato ad espandersi nei prossimi anni, incentivato anche dalle riforme normative, sempre più rivolte verso un mondo "carbon-free". Per questo motivo, un sempre crescente numero di batterie agli ioni di litio, ritirate dopo la fine della loro vita utile nei veicoli elettrici, dovrà essere gestito. Per evitare sprechi di risorse e materiali, queste batterie potrebbero essere sfruttate in applicazioni meno impegnative. Per garantire questa opportunità, è necessario stimare il loro stato di salute e la vita residua. L'obiettivo di questo lavoro è cercare di comprendere come variano le prestazioni delle batterie agli ioni di litio, correlare queste variazioni alle condizioni operative e dedurre di conseguenza i meccanismi di degradazione. A tale scopo, la campagna sperimentale iniziata nel lavoro di tesi precedente, basata sull'applicazioni di profili dinamici, è stata portata avanti per circa quattro mesi, insieme a due campagne di "calendar aging", condotte a 25°C e a 45°C, le quali permettono di separare il contributo della degradazione dovuto alle condizioni termodinamiche delle batteria da quello causato dall'utilizzo effettivo del dispostivo. Per interpretare in modo adeguato i risultati sperimentali, un modello fisico della batteria è stato ampiamente utilizzato. L'analisi eseguita ha permesso di evidenziare che i meccanismi di degradazione responsabili del peggioramento delle prestazioni delle batterie agli ioni di litio dipendono fortemente dalle condizioni operative; in particolare, è stato trovato che profondità di scarica, stato di carica e temperatura sono le condizioni operative più impattanti. Infine, le informazioni risultanti da test eseguiti su semi-celle, costruite a partire da campioni sia a inizio vita che invecchiati, sono state sfruttate per validare i risultati forniti dal modello e la loro interpretazione, con risultati soddisfacenti.
Experimental investigation and widespread application of physical model for the understanding of lithium-ion battery degradation
Evangelista, Roberto
2022/2023
Abstract
The electric vehicle market plays an important role in the decarbonization of the transport sector, which accounts for about a quarter of the carbon dioxide emissions of Europe. This market is destined to expand in the coming years, also encouraged by regulatory reforms, increasingly directed towards a "carbon-free" world. For this reason, an ever-increasing number of lithium-ion batteries, retired after the end of their useful life in electric vehicles, will need to be managed. To avoid waste of resources and materials, these batteries could be employed in less demanding applications. To ensure this opportunity, it is necessary to estimate their state of health and residual life. The aim of this work is to understand how the performance of lithium-ion batteries varies, to correlate these variations to the operating conditions and to deduce the degradation mechanisms accordingly. For this purpose, the experimental campaign started in the previous thesis work, based on the application of dynamic load profiles, was carried out for about four months, together with two calendar aging campaigns, conducted at 25°C and 45°C, which allow to separate the contribution of the degradation due to the thermodynamic conditions of the battery from that caused by the effective use of the device. To adequately interpret the experimental results, a physical model of the battery was widely used. The analysis performed highlights that the degradation mechanisms responsible for the worsening of the performance of lithium-ion batteries depend strongly on the operating conditions; in particular, depth of discharge, state of charge and temperature are the most impacting variables. Finally, information resulting from tests performed on half-cells, built using both new and aged samples, are exploited to validate the model results and their interpretation, with successful results.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2023_12_Evangelista_Executive Summary_02.pdf
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2023_12_Evangelista_Tesi_01.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/214832