This thesis explores the strategic inclusion of aviation in the EU ETS cap-and-trade market as a response to the significant growth in air passenger transportation and the heightened climate-forcing effect of emissions at higher altitudes. The study investigates the dynamics of this inclusion by comparing the aviation sector with the energy sector within the EU ETS market, using EU ETL emissions trading data. The analysis reveals the aviation sector's relatively low trade activity. A network analysis with centrality indices is conducted to further understand this position. Utilizing R Studio, centrality measures such as betweenness, degree, closeness, eigenvector, PageRank, authority, hub, and coreness are computed to pinpoint influential, intermediary, and less central nodes. The findings affirm the aviation sector's lower centrality in the EU ETS market. Looking at the results of the network analysis and motivated by the evolving nature of the EU ETS, originating as a cap-and-trade market where entities emitting less CO2 can benefit economically, the study aims to determine if a more central network position aligns with better economic and environmental performance, which could encourage a greater integration into the EU ETS . By conducting a regression analysis of panel data with various estimators such as Pooled Ordinary Least Squares, Fixed Effects and Random Effects models, this research aims to uncover this relationship, understanding how the aviation sector's structural presence in the EU ETS market can be affected by its economic and environmental performance. The findings show a distinct correlation between degree centrality and return on equity (ROE), highlighting a trade-off between financial success and prominence within the network. Similarly, the negative relationship observed between ROE and PageRank suggests that higher financial returns may translate to lower visibility in specific network segments. On the other hand, a positive correlation is evident between Return on Assets (ROA) and PageRank, indicating that companies with higher ROA tend to be more visible within the network. However, no statistical significance is observed in other relationships. Environmental performance results vary, showing an inverse relationship with degree centrality using pooled estimators and a positive relationship with degree centrality using random effect estimators
Questa tesi analizza l'inclusione a livello strategico del settore aereo nel mercato cap and-trade dell'UE ETS come risposta alla crescita significativa del traffico aereo e al maggiore effetto sul clima dovuto alle emissioni di CO2 a quote più elevate. Lo studio analizza le dinamiche di questa inclusione confrontando il settore dell'aviazione con quello dell'energia all'interno del mercato EU ETS, utilizzando i dati di trading delle quote di emissione dell'EU ETL. L'analisi rivela che il settore dell'aviazione ha un'attività commerciale relativamente bassa, Al fine di chiarire ulteriormente questa collocazione marginale, è stata condotta un'analisi di network con indici di centralità. Utilizzando R Studio, sono state calcolate misure di centralità come betweenness, degree, closeness, eigenvector, PageRank, authority, hub e coreness per individuare i nodi influenti, quelli intermedi e quelli meno centrali. I risultati affermano la bassa centralità del settore dell'aviazione nel mercato dell'UE ETS. Alla luce dei risultati dell'analisi di network e motivati dalla natura evolutiva dell'EU ETS, nato come mercato cap-and-trade in cui le entità che emettono meno CO2 possono trarre benefici economici, lo studio mira a determinare se una posizione di network più centrale si associa a migliori performance economiche e ambientali, che potrebbero incoraggiare una maggiore integrazione nell'EU ETS. Conducendo un'analisi di regressione su dati panel con vari stimatori, come i modelli Pooled Ordinary Least Squares, Fixed Effects e Random Effects, questa ricerca mira ad individuare questa relazione, per capire come la presenza strutturale del settore dell'aviazione nel mercato ETS dell'UE possa essere influenzata dalla sua performance economica e ambientale. I risultati mostrano una netta correlazione tra la degree centrality e ROE, evidenziando un trade-off tra il risultato finanziario e la centralità all'interno della rete. Allo stesso modo, la relazione negativa osservata tra ROE e PageRank suggerisce che maggiori rendimenti finanziari possono tradursi in una minore visibilità in specifici segmenti della rete. Viceversa, è emersa una correlazione positiva tra Return on Assets (ROA) e PageRank, a indicare che le aziende con un ROA più elevato tendono a essere più visibili all'interno della rete. Tuttavia, non si osserva alcuna significatività statistica nelle altre correlazioni. I risultati delle performance ambientali variano, mostrando una relazione inversa con la degree centrality utilizzando gli stimatori pooled e una relazione positiva con la degree centrality con gli stimatori a effetto casuale.
Understanding the position and influences of aviation in the EU ETS Network
El Attaouy, Mouhcine
2022/2023
Abstract
This thesis explores the strategic inclusion of aviation in the EU ETS cap-and-trade market as a response to the significant growth in air passenger transportation and the heightened climate-forcing effect of emissions at higher altitudes. The study investigates the dynamics of this inclusion by comparing the aviation sector with the energy sector within the EU ETS market, using EU ETL emissions trading data. The analysis reveals the aviation sector's relatively low trade activity. A network analysis with centrality indices is conducted to further understand this position. Utilizing R Studio, centrality measures such as betweenness, degree, closeness, eigenvector, PageRank, authority, hub, and coreness are computed to pinpoint influential, intermediary, and less central nodes. The findings affirm the aviation sector's lower centrality in the EU ETS market. Looking at the results of the network analysis and motivated by the evolving nature of the EU ETS, originating as a cap-and-trade market where entities emitting less CO2 can benefit economically, the study aims to determine if a more central network position aligns with better economic and environmental performance, which could encourage a greater integration into the EU ETS . By conducting a regression analysis of panel data with various estimators such as Pooled Ordinary Least Squares, Fixed Effects and Random Effects models, this research aims to uncover this relationship, understanding how the aviation sector's structural presence in the EU ETS market can be affected by its economic and environmental performance. The findings show a distinct correlation between degree centrality and return on equity (ROE), highlighting a trade-off between financial success and prominence within the network. Similarly, the negative relationship observed between ROE and PageRank suggests that higher financial returns may translate to lower visibility in specific network segments. On the other hand, a positive correlation is evident between Return on Assets (ROA) and PageRank, indicating that companies with higher ROA tend to be more visible within the network. However, no statistical significance is observed in other relationships. Environmental performance results vary, showing an inverse relationship with degree centrality using pooled estimators and a positive relationship with degree centrality using random effect estimatorsFile | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2023_12_El Attaouy_Tesi_01.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/214920