Cardiovascular diseases are emerged as a leading cause of mortality in highly developed countries. As a result, the importance of cardiac monitoring and early treatment has become a central aspect of clinical practice. The electrocardiogram (ECG) is the most common instrument used to provide a comprehensive investigation of the electrical activity of the heart. With the miniaturization of electronics, wearable systems are arising as outstanding solutions for long-term monitoring. The aim of this thesis is to develop a wearable device for real-time monitoring of the 12-leads ECG using textile electrodes. The thesis includes the hardware design, physical manufacturing, firmware development, and testing of data acquisition and processing. The hardware design focuses on the ECG signal amplification and filtering in order to enhance this very small signal and isolate it from potential noise sources. Subsequently, the corresponding printed circuit board has been accurately designed to fabricate a round-shape board with a diameter of 74.0mm, named ECG tracker, to be attached to an ECG vest, offering a wearable application. Thanks to 10 textile electrodes embedded in the vest, 8-channel ECG signals can be read at firmware level, where are properly processed to reconstruct a unified ECG signal. The algorithm is also able to derive real-time information about the heart rate and the respiratory rate. Thanks to the integration of an accelerometer in the ECG tracker, it is also possible to correlate these two parameters with the patient's activity to properly detect three cardiovascular diseases and two respiratory diseases when abnormal values are acquired. Several experimental tests have been conducted to validate the correctness of the designed hardware in efficiently capturing, amplifying and filtering the ECG signal. Similarly, the implemented firmware has been validated to ensure proper reading of the analog input and signal reconstruction in real-time, as well as the correct identification of healthy or illness conditions. The positive results obtained confirm the successful development of a compact and wearable ECG device, which can act as a diagnostic tool for acquiring a 12-leads ECG signal and monitoring cardiac and respiratory parameters.
I disturbi cardiovascolari sono emersi come principale causa di mortalità nei paesi più sviluppati. Di conseguenza, il monitoraggio cardiaco e un trattamento precoce hanno assunto un ruolo centrale nella pratica clinica. L'elettrocardiogramma (ECG) rappresenta lo strumento più comune per esaminare l'attività elettrica del cuore. Con la miniaturizzazione dell'elettronica, i sistemi indossabili diventano soluzioni eccezionali per il monitoraggio a lungo termine. L’obiettivo di questa tesi è sviluppare un dispositivo indossabile per il monitoraggio in tempo reale del segnale ECG a 12 derivazioni mediante l'uso di elettrodi tessili. La tesi include la progettazione hardware, la fabbricazione, lo sviluppo del firmware e testing per l'acquisizione e l'elaborazione dei dati. La progettazione hardware si concentra sull'amplificazione e sul filtraggio del segnale ECG e risulta nella realizzazione di un circuito stampato di forma circolare del diametro di 74.0mm, denominata ECG tracker. Questa scheda viene poi collegata ad una maglia ECG contenente 10 elettrodi tessili, realizzando così un’applicazione indossabile. Inoltre, viene sviluppato il firmware del dispositivo, che controlla l'acquisizione e l'elaborazione dei dati. In particolare, i 10 elettrodi generano un segnale ECG a 8 canali, ed il firmware ne ricostruisce un unico segnale. L'algoritmo è in grado anche di fornire informazioni in tempo reale sulla frequenza cardiaca e respiratoria. Grazie all'integrazione di un accelerometro nell'ECG tracker, è possibile correlare questi due parametri con l'attività del paziente per identificare correttamente 3 disturbi cardiovascolari e 2 disturbi respiratori quando valori anomali vengono rilevati. Numerosi test sono stati condotti per convalidare l'efficienza dell'hardware progettato per acquisire, amplificare e filtrare correttamente il segnale ECG. Inoltre, il firmware implementato è stato validato per assicurare la corretta lettura dell'input analogico e la ricostruzione del segnale in tempo reale, oltre all'identificazione corretta delle condizioni di salute o malattia. I risultati positivi confermano il successo nello sviluppo di un dispositivo ECG compatto ed indossabile, che può fungere da strumento diagnostico per per acquisire un segnale ECG a 12 derivazioni e monitorare parametri cardiaci e respiratori.
Design and development of a wearable device for real-time 12-leads ECG monitoring employing textile electrodes
Porta, Laura
2022/2023
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are emerged as a leading cause of mortality in highly developed countries. As a result, the importance of cardiac monitoring and early treatment has become a central aspect of clinical practice. The electrocardiogram (ECG) is the most common instrument used to provide a comprehensive investigation of the electrical activity of the heart. With the miniaturization of electronics, wearable systems are arising as outstanding solutions for long-term monitoring. The aim of this thesis is to develop a wearable device for real-time monitoring of the 12-leads ECG using textile electrodes. The thesis includes the hardware design, physical manufacturing, firmware development, and testing of data acquisition and processing. The hardware design focuses on the ECG signal amplification and filtering in order to enhance this very small signal and isolate it from potential noise sources. Subsequently, the corresponding printed circuit board has been accurately designed to fabricate a round-shape board with a diameter of 74.0mm, named ECG tracker, to be attached to an ECG vest, offering a wearable application. Thanks to 10 textile electrodes embedded in the vest, 8-channel ECG signals can be read at firmware level, where are properly processed to reconstruct a unified ECG signal. The algorithm is also able to derive real-time information about the heart rate and the respiratory rate. Thanks to the integration of an accelerometer in the ECG tracker, it is also possible to correlate these two parameters with the patient's activity to properly detect three cardiovascular diseases and two respiratory diseases when abnormal values are acquired. Several experimental tests have been conducted to validate the correctness of the designed hardware in efficiently capturing, amplifying and filtering the ECG signal. Similarly, the implemented firmware has been validated to ensure proper reading of the analog input and signal reconstruction in real-time, as well as the correct identification of healthy or illness conditions. The positive results obtained confirm the successful development of a compact and wearable ECG device, which can act as a diagnostic tool for acquiring a 12-leads ECG signal and monitoring cardiac and respiratory parameters.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2023_12_Porta_Tesi_01.pdf
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Descrizione: Thesis
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2023_12_Porta_Executive Summary_02.pdf
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Descrizione: Executive Summary
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5.45 MB
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/215090