DNA methylation (DNAm) is a biomolecular mechanism of gene regulation involving the addition of methyl groups to DNA molecules, often playing a crucial role in various disease mechanisms, including CardioVascular diseases (CVD). Contrary to the genetic sequence, DNAm is influenced by internal and external exposures, and it is widely modifiable. Recent evidence shows that DNAm is linked to CVD risk and food intake, but its role in mediating the association of different types of nutrients with cardiovascular risk factors has not been fully investigated. In this study, we analyse DNAm profiles as an intermediate biological layer between the independent variables (dietary nutrient intakes) and the dependent variable (CVD risk), representing an essential but complex additional information to understand the molecular mechanisms linking dietary habits with CVD risk. We conduct a systematic comparison and evaluation of three distinct methods. The core of the analyses is represented by two developments of the Meet-in-the-Middle (MITM) method, an innovative implementation of high-dimensional mediation framework. The first application employs the methylome layer to identify potential new exposures likely to be causally associated with CVD, while the second application focuses on selecting potential mediators for exposures associated with CVD and to assess their significance. Finally, we compare the results of the MITM approaches with a third method consisting of a stability selection approach, which sought to identify causal associations between nutrients and CVD without considering the intermediate layer. Through a comprehensive comparison, we discuss strengths and weaknesses of each method, and we identify two nutrients showing statistical evidence of a causal association with CVD risk, with the methylome layer playing a mediating role in this process. While our work acknowledges certain limitations, our results contribute to a rapidly advancing research domain, for the understanding of the molecular mechanisms linking dietary habits with the risk of CVD.
La metilazione del DNA (DNAm) è un meccanismo biomolecolare di regolazione genica che comporta l’aggiunta di gruppi metilici alle molecole di DNA e che spesso svolge un ruolo cruciale in vari meccanismi patologici, tra cui le malattie cardiovascolari (CVD). A differenza della sequenza genetica, DNAm è influenzata da esposizioni interne ed esterne ed è ampiamente modificabile. Recenti evidenze dimostrano che DNAm è legata al rischio di CVD e all’assunzione di cibo, ma il suo ruolo nel mediare l’associazione di diversi tipi di nutrienti con i fattori di rischio cardiovascolare non è stato completamente indagato. In questo studio, analizziamo i profili della DNAm come strato biologico intermedio tra le variabili indipendenti (assunzione di nutrienti con la dieta) e la variabile dipendente (rischio di CVD), rappresentando un’informazione aggiuntiva essenziale ma complessa per comprendere i meccanismi molecolari che collegano le abitudini alimentari al rischio di CVD. Abbiamo condotto un confronto sistematico e una valutazione di tre metodi distinti. Il nucleo delle analisi è rappresentato da due sviluppi del metodo Meet-in-the-Middle (MITM), un’implementazione innovativa del quadro di mediazione ad alta dimensionalità. La prima applicazione impiega lo strato del metiloma per identificare potenziali nuove esposizioni che potrebbero essere causalmente associate alla CVD, mentre la seconda applicazione si concentra sulla selezione di potenziali mediatori per le esposizioni associate alla CVD e sulla valutazione della loro significatività. Infine, confrontiamo i risultati degli approcci MITM con un terzo metodo consistente in un approccio di selezione di stabilità, che ha cercato di identificare associazioni causali tra nutrienti e CVD senza considerare lo strato intermedio. Attraverso un confronto completo, discutiamo i punti di forza e di debolezza di ciascun metodo e identifichiamo due nutrienti che mostrano evidenza statistica di un’associazione causale con il rischio di CVD, con lo strato metilico che svolge un ruolo di mediazione in questo processo. Pur riconoscendo alcune limitazioni, i nostri risultati contribuiscono a un settore di ricerca in rapida evoluzione, per la comprensione dei meccanismi molecolari che collegano le abitudini alimentari al rischio di CVD.
DNA methylation as mediator in the association of dietary nutrient intakes with the risk of CVD: a systematic comparison and evaluation of Meet-in-the-Middle approaches
Ermacora, India
2022/2023
Abstract
DNA methylation (DNAm) is a biomolecular mechanism of gene regulation involving the addition of methyl groups to DNA molecules, often playing a crucial role in various disease mechanisms, including CardioVascular diseases (CVD). Contrary to the genetic sequence, DNAm is influenced by internal and external exposures, and it is widely modifiable. Recent evidence shows that DNAm is linked to CVD risk and food intake, but its role in mediating the association of different types of nutrients with cardiovascular risk factors has not been fully investigated. In this study, we analyse DNAm profiles as an intermediate biological layer between the independent variables (dietary nutrient intakes) and the dependent variable (CVD risk), representing an essential but complex additional information to understand the molecular mechanisms linking dietary habits with CVD risk. We conduct a systematic comparison and evaluation of three distinct methods. The core of the analyses is represented by two developments of the Meet-in-the-Middle (MITM) method, an innovative implementation of high-dimensional mediation framework. The first application employs the methylome layer to identify potential new exposures likely to be causally associated with CVD, while the second application focuses on selecting potential mediators for exposures associated with CVD and to assess their significance. Finally, we compare the results of the MITM approaches with a third method consisting of a stability selection approach, which sought to identify causal associations between nutrients and CVD without considering the intermediate layer. Through a comprehensive comparison, we discuss strengths and weaknesses of each method, and we identify two nutrients showing statistical evidence of a causal association with CVD risk, with the methylome layer playing a mediating role in this process. While our work acknowledges certain limitations, our results contribute to a rapidly advancing research domain, for the understanding of the molecular mechanisms linking dietary habits with the risk of CVD.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2023_12_Ermacora_ExecutiveSummary_02.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/215196