This work considers the development of useful SERS substrates to be integrated into Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) of the anti-epileptic drug Cenobamate (CNB). SERS substrates were produced through the drop-casting technique of gold and silver colloids on a solid support. The colloids were entirely produced in the laboratory and characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy. During the substrate preparation, I introduced the use of a layer of PTFE tape, to be placed on the slide before nanoparticle deposition. Thanks to its hydrophobic nature, during evaporation, PTFE can concentrate the nanoparticles in a small area, avoiding the spreading of the drop on the glass slide. An extensive improvement of the deposition procedure was performed aiming to identify a reproducible and simple experimental protocol for the production of such substrates. Throughout the study, I performed a semi-quantitative analysis of Rhodamine 6G, reaching a limit of detection of 10-7 M. This result confirmed the reliability of the utilized procedure. Thanks to “Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta”, I conducted an initial characterization of the newest antiseizure drug Cenobamate (CNB). During the analyses, I obtained the first Raman spectrum of the CNB molecule, as dried powder from a concentrated methanol solution. Subsequently, I performed the first SERS analyses on the CNB molecule, using gold colloids functionalized with KBr, previously tested on the Anthracene molecule through SERS in the colloidal phase. The analyses were conducted under both neutral and acidic conditions at pH 2, 3, and 4. Measurement at pH 2 reveals the presence of weak peaks that could be related to the molecule but have not been confirmed due to the poor reproducibility of the spectrum. Despite the careful repeated attempts, the results show strong background signals due to the gold colloids. The use of KBr as a stabilizing agent suggested in the literature, does not appear to be suitable for drug molecules such as Cenobamate, even though it has been shown to be very successful for the detection of PAHs such as Naphthalene, as also confirmed in my thesis work for the detection of Anthracene.
All’interno di questa tesi di laurea magistrale, viene considerato lo sviluppo di substrati SERS da implementare durante le operazioni di Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) del farmaco anti-epilettico Cenobamate (CNB). I substrati sono stati sviluppati attraverso la tecnica drop-casting di colloidi di oro e argento. I colloidi sono stati prodotti in laboratorio e caratterizzati attraverso spettroscopia UV-Vis. La tecnica drop-casting è stata migliorata attraverso l’applicazione di uno strato di nastro in PTFE sul vetrino, prima della deposizione delle nanoparticelle. Grazie alle sue proprietà idrofobiche, il PTFE è in grado di concentrare le nanoparticelle sulla superficie impedendo l’espandersi della goccia come accade sul vetrino. È stata condotta un'ampia ottimizzazione della procedura di deposizione al fine di identificare un protocollo sperimentale riproducibile. Ciò ha permesso di effettuare un'analisi semi-quantitativa della molecola di Rodamina 6G, ottenendo un limite di rilevamento pari a 10-7 M. Grazie all'Istituto Neurologico “Carlo Besta”, è stato possibile condurre un’iniziale caratterizzazione del farmaco antiepilettico Cenobamate (CNB). Durante le analisi, ho ottenuto il primo spettro Raman della molecola di CNB, a partire da cristalli solidi derivati dall’evaporazione di una soluzione concentrata di CNB in metanolo su un foglio di alluminio. Le prime analisi SERS sulla molecola di CNB, sono state svolte in condizioni sia neutre che acide (pH 2, 3 e 4) utilizzando colloidi di oro funzionalizzati con KBr, precedentemente testati sulla molecola di Antracene. Le analisi SERS a pH 2 rivelano la presenza di picchi deboli che potrebbero essere correlati alla molecola. Il risultato non è ancora stato confermato a causa della scarsa riproducibilità dello spettro. I risultati mostrano forti segnali di background causati dal colloide di oro. L'utilizzo del KBr come agente stabilizzante non sembra essere adatto per molecole farmaceutiche come il Cenobamate, anche se è stato dimostrato essere molto efficace per la detezione SERS di molecole poli aromatiche come il Naftalene, e l’Antracene, come dimostrato nel mio lavoro di tesi.
Developing SERS Substrates for applications in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
Gervasini, Lydia Federica
2022/2023
Abstract
This work considers the development of useful SERS substrates to be integrated into Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) of the anti-epileptic drug Cenobamate (CNB). SERS substrates were produced through the drop-casting technique of gold and silver colloids on a solid support. The colloids were entirely produced in the laboratory and characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy. During the substrate preparation, I introduced the use of a layer of PTFE tape, to be placed on the slide before nanoparticle deposition. Thanks to its hydrophobic nature, during evaporation, PTFE can concentrate the nanoparticles in a small area, avoiding the spreading of the drop on the glass slide. An extensive improvement of the deposition procedure was performed aiming to identify a reproducible and simple experimental protocol for the production of such substrates. Throughout the study, I performed a semi-quantitative analysis of Rhodamine 6G, reaching a limit of detection of 10-7 M. This result confirmed the reliability of the utilized procedure. Thanks to “Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta”, I conducted an initial characterization of the newest antiseizure drug Cenobamate (CNB). During the analyses, I obtained the first Raman spectrum of the CNB molecule, as dried powder from a concentrated methanol solution. Subsequently, I performed the first SERS analyses on the CNB molecule, using gold colloids functionalized with KBr, previously tested on the Anthracene molecule through SERS in the colloidal phase. The analyses were conducted under both neutral and acidic conditions at pH 2, 3, and 4. Measurement at pH 2 reveals the presence of weak peaks that could be related to the molecule but have not been confirmed due to the poor reproducibility of the spectrum. Despite the careful repeated attempts, the results show strong background signals due to the gold colloids. The use of KBr as a stabilizing agent suggested in the literature, does not appear to be suitable for drug molecules such as Cenobamate, even though it has been shown to be very successful for the detection of PAHs such as Naphthalene, as also confirmed in my thesis work for the detection of Anthracene.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2023_12_GERVASINI_Executive_summary.pdf
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2023_12_GERVASINI_Thesis.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/215336