The extent to which livestock production competes directly or indirectly with food crops has often been central to the discussion on environmentally sustainable dietary choices and food security. While animal foods contribute to the global food supply and are an important protein source in human diets, their production uses a disproportionately large fraction of agricultural land and water resources. Therefore, a global comprehensive understanding of the extent to which the livestock sector currently requires valuable natural resources is needed. Then, once it has been proved that livestock feed is made up of a significant amount of human-edible ingredients, such as grains and soybeans, and that the associated use of natural resources could make livestock farming unsustainable, especially in light of population growth projections, new sustainable strategies are investigated. Agricultural by-products, former foodstuffs, and insect meals have been evaluated as potential alternative feed ingredients since their (re)use in animal diets seems to be one of the most sustainable strategies to meet the growing feed demand by using fewer resources while reducing competition. The results highlight that both land and water savings could be achieved domestically, while a reduction in the virtual land and water trade would allow for greater availability of resources at the local level, lower dependence on imports for some countries, and curbing global environmental issues such as deforestation, GHG emissions, biodiversity losses, and water scarcity. Given these large environmental benefits, the findings incentivize feed researchers and producers to further explore the food safety of this strategy and its implementation to make the food system more sustainable. However, while the use of low-impact feed ingredients can reduce the rate of natural resource consumption and cross-sectoral competition, an effort to decrease animal source food consumption has to be carried on, as suggested by the EAT–Lancet recommendations, since it remains the most effective strategy in this regard.
La questione della competizione della produzione zootecnica con le coltivazioni alimentari, sia direttamente che indirettamente, rappresenta un tema centrale nella discussione riguardante le scelte alimentari sostenibili, sia dal punto di vista ambientale che della sicurezza alimentare. Sebbene i prodotti animali svolgano un ruolo fondamentale nell'approvvigionamento alimentare globale e costituiscano un importante fonte proteica nella dieta umana, la loro produzione richiede una quota notevolmente elevata di terre agricole e risorse idriche. Pertanto, un'analisi approfondita dell'attuale impatto a livello globale del settore zootecnico sull’uso di preziose risorse naturali, quali suolo e acqua, è essenziale. Una volta dimostrato che la dieta animale include una considerevole quantità di ingredienti edibili dall'uomo, come i cereali e la soia, e che l'impiego di risorse naturali per la produzione di questi mangimi rende insostenibile il settore zootecnico, specialmente alla luce delle proiezioni di crescita demografica, si propongono nuove strategie sostenibili. In questo contesto, vengono esaminati come potenziali mangimi alternativi diversi prodotti, quali i sottoprodotti del settore agricolo, gli scarti dell’industria alimentare e le farine di insetto, in quanto il loro impiego o (ri)utilizzo nelle diete animali sembra rappresentare una delle strategie più sostenibili per soddisfare la crescente domanda di mangime, impiegando meno risorse naturali e riducendo la competizione intersettoriale. I risultati dell’analisi evidenziano la possibilità di ottenere risparmi significativi a livello locale, sia in termini di terreno agricolo che di risorse idriche. Inoltre, una riduzione degli scambi “virtuali” di terra e risorse idriche legato al flusso di materie prime usate nella zootecnia potrebbe consentire una maggiore disponibilità di risorse a livello locale, riducendo la dipendenza da importazioni per alcuni paesi, e contribuendo a mitigare problemi ambientali globali come la deforestazione su larga scala, le emissioni di gas serra, la perdita di biodiversità e la scarsità idrica. Alla luce di tali considerevoli benefici ambientali, i risultati devono incoraggiare i ricercatori e i produttori di mangimi a esplorare ulteriormente l'applicabilità di questa strategia e la sua implementazione, focalizzandosi sulla sicurezza alimentare al fine di rendere il sistema alimentare più sostenibile. Tuttavia, mentre l'utilizzo di mangimi a basso impatto può contribuire a ridurre il consumo di risorse naturali e la competizione tra i settori, rimane necessario portare avanti un impegno per ridurre il consumo di alimenti di origine animale, come suggerito dalle raccomandazioni dell’EAT–Lancet, poiché resta la strategia più efficace in tal senso.
Redefining livestock sustainability : take action on animal feeding to avoid resource-depleting farming systems
GOVONI, CAMILLA
2023/2024
Abstract
The extent to which livestock production competes directly or indirectly with food crops has often been central to the discussion on environmentally sustainable dietary choices and food security. While animal foods contribute to the global food supply and are an important protein source in human diets, their production uses a disproportionately large fraction of agricultural land and water resources. Therefore, a global comprehensive understanding of the extent to which the livestock sector currently requires valuable natural resources is needed. Then, once it has been proved that livestock feed is made up of a significant amount of human-edible ingredients, such as grains and soybeans, and that the associated use of natural resources could make livestock farming unsustainable, especially in light of population growth projections, new sustainable strategies are investigated. Agricultural by-products, former foodstuffs, and insect meals have been evaluated as potential alternative feed ingredients since their (re)use in animal diets seems to be one of the most sustainable strategies to meet the growing feed demand by using fewer resources while reducing competition. The results highlight that both land and water savings could be achieved domestically, while a reduction in the virtual land and water trade would allow for greater availability of resources at the local level, lower dependence on imports for some countries, and curbing global environmental issues such as deforestation, GHG emissions, biodiversity losses, and water scarcity. Given these large environmental benefits, the findings incentivize feed researchers and producers to further explore the food safety of this strategy and its implementation to make the food system more sustainable. However, while the use of low-impact feed ingredients can reduce the rate of natural resource consumption and cross-sectoral competition, an effort to decrease animal source food consumption has to be carried on, as suggested by the EAT–Lancet recommendations, since it remains the most effective strategy in this regard.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: Tesi di Dottorato Camilla Govoni
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/217474