The continuous increase in atmospheric temperature caused by intense industrialization in recent decades has led to a phenomenon called climate change. Climate change itself is a natural event that has always occurred on our planet, but, due to human activities, particularly after the industrial revolution, millions of tons of CO2 and other greenhouse gases have been released into the Earth's atmosphere, disrupting its balance. It is important to note that there are two types of greenhouse effect, the natural one, which has always been present and has allowed the evolution of species on Earth, and the anthropogenic greenhouse effect, caused by the excessive presence of greenhouse gases that trap and do not reflect solar radiation in the space, leading to excessive warming of the Earth's surface. The invention and massive production of plastic materials over the years have certainly contributed to greenhouse gas emissions, both during production and due to improper management of plastic waste, especially single-use plastics. The purpose of this thesis is to identify an economically feasible strategy for treating mixed plastic waste, which currently undergoes thermal recovery in waste-to-energy plants. Various technologies for both physical and chemical treatment of plastics are discussed, but the ultimate goal of this thesis is to implement chemical recycling through the pyrolysis process. The study was conducted in northern Italy, where there is a higher recycling rate, in order to allow the implementation of new waste treatment strategies. The basic methodology of this thesis is a comparison of two industrial scenarios for the distribution, sizing, investment, and operative costs of pyrolysis plants for mixed plastic wastes. The unequivocal result of this analysis demonstrates that the localized scenario, involving six pyrolysis plants within the refineries, is economically advantageous compared to the scenario involving ten smaller distributed plants. The desired product is pyrolysis oil, a possible alternative feedstock for refineries in the production of basic monomers for thermoplastic polymers. Through this process, it is possible to guarantee a circular economy for the entire lifecycle of plastic materials. A sensitivity analysis was also conducted on the assumptions and hypotheses made during the study to ensure a transparent discussion of the results.
Il continuo aumento della temperatura atmosferica causato da un’intensa industrializzazione ha portato ad un fenomeno chiamato cambiamento climatico. Di per sé il cambiamento climatico è un evento naturale che è sempre avvenuto sul nostro pianeta ma, per mano dell'uomo, dopo la rivoluzione industriale, milioni di tonnellate di CO2 e altri gas serra hanno invaso l’atmosfera terrestre, rovesciandone l’equilibrio. Bisogna ricordare che esistono due tipologie di effetto serra, quello naturale, che è sempre stato presente ed ha permesso l’evoluzione delle specie sul pianeta terra e l’effetto serra antropico ovvero causato dall’eccessiva presenza di gas serra che intrappolano e non riflettono nello spazio i raggi solari comportando un eccessivo aumento delle temperature sulla superficie terrestre. L’invenzione e l’imponente produzione di materiale plastico negli anni hanno sicuramente contribuito all’emissione di gas serra, sia durante la produzione, sia a causa di errata gestione dei rifiuti plastici in particolar modo per quelli monouso. Lo scopo di questa tesi è quello di identificare una strategia economicamente percorribile per il trattamento dei rifiuti di plastiche miste che ad oggi non subiscono un riciclaggio efficiente bensì vengono principalmente inviate a termovalorizzatori. Vengono discusse diverse tecnologie per il trattamento sia fisico che chimico delle plastiche, ma questa tesi si focalizza sul riciclaggio chimico tramite il processo di pirolisi. Lo studio è stato svolto sul territorio nord dell’Italia, ove è presente un tasso di riciclaggio maggiore al fine di permettere l’implementazione di nuove strategie per il trattamento rifiuti. La metodologia di base di questa tesi è un paragone tra due scenari industriali per la distribuzione, il dimensionamento e i costi di investimento ed esecuzione di impianti di pirolisi per plastiche miste. Il risultato inequivocabile di questa analisi dimostra che lo scenario localizzato, che prevede sei impianti di pirolisi in prossimità delle raffinerie, è economicamente vantaggioso rispetto allo scenario che prevede dieci impianti distribuiti di minori dimensioni. Il prodotto desiderato è l’olio di pirolisi, possibile materia prima alternativa per le raffinerie, nella produzione di monomeri di base di polimeri termoplastici. Grazie a questo processo è possibile garantire un’economia circolare per l’intero ciclo di vita dei materiali plastici. È stata svolta anche un’analisi sensitiva sulle assunzioni ed ipotesi fatte durante lo studio al fine di garantire una discussione trasparente dei risultati.
Logistic and economic comparison of pyrolysis plant scenarios for mixed plastic waste in Northern Italy
GIANI, STEFANO
2023/2024
Abstract
The continuous increase in atmospheric temperature caused by intense industrialization in recent decades has led to a phenomenon called climate change. Climate change itself is a natural event that has always occurred on our planet, but, due to human activities, particularly after the industrial revolution, millions of tons of CO2 and other greenhouse gases have been released into the Earth's atmosphere, disrupting its balance. It is important to note that there are two types of greenhouse effect, the natural one, which has always been present and has allowed the evolution of species on Earth, and the anthropogenic greenhouse effect, caused by the excessive presence of greenhouse gases that trap and do not reflect solar radiation in the space, leading to excessive warming of the Earth's surface. The invention and massive production of plastic materials over the years have certainly contributed to greenhouse gas emissions, both during production and due to improper management of plastic waste, especially single-use plastics. The purpose of this thesis is to identify an economically feasible strategy for treating mixed plastic waste, which currently undergoes thermal recovery in waste-to-energy plants. Various technologies for both physical and chemical treatment of plastics are discussed, but the ultimate goal of this thesis is to implement chemical recycling through the pyrolysis process. The study was conducted in northern Italy, where there is a higher recycling rate, in order to allow the implementation of new waste treatment strategies. The basic methodology of this thesis is a comparison of two industrial scenarios for the distribution, sizing, investment, and operative costs of pyrolysis plants for mixed plastic wastes. The unequivocal result of this analysis demonstrates that the localized scenario, involving six pyrolysis plants within the refineries, is economically advantageous compared to the scenario involving ten smaller distributed plants. The desired product is pyrolysis oil, a possible alternative feedstock for refineries in the production of basic monomers for thermoplastic polymers. Through this process, it is possible to guarantee a circular economy for the entire lifecycle of plastic materials. A sensitivity analysis was also conducted on the assumptions and hypotheses made during the study to ensure a transparent discussion of the results.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2024_04_Giani_Tesi_01.pdf
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2024_04_Giani_Executive Summary_02.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/217694