Additive manufacturing consists of the creation of the parts from a 3D computational model, which are produced layer by layer leading to the elimination of processes such as welding, assembling or glueing. However, the use of additively manufactured components is limited due to their high porosity and high surface roughness. The aim of the present work was the improvement of the surface finishing of the 17-4 PH components obtained by Binder Jetting in three different printing orientations (vertical, horizontal, oblique). The components were subjected to different surface treatments: Low-Energy High-Current Electron Beam (LEHCEB), electropolishing (EP) and mass finishing (MF). Moreover, it was performed a computational simulation in COMSOL Multiphysics of the dynamic temperature fields induced by the LEHCEB process to understand the thermal behaviour of the material. The results showed that to obtain the best finishing in the LEHCEB it is necessary to combine a high number of pulses (up to 40) and high accelerating voltage (30 kV). In the case of the EP, it was found a decrease in the Ra values with respect to the reference sample for all the current densities employed. There was a clear reduction from 25 to 50 A/dm2, but at 100 A/dm2 no further improvements were observed. Concerning the MF, an increment in the process time led to an improvement in the surface finishing of the samples. Silicon carbide abrasive particles proved to be most effective in the reduction of irregularities in the surface with respect to Al2O3 and SiO2. The three surface finishing processes showed different reduction rates of Ra. Among the three treatments the lower values of the Ra were found with MF after four hours of treatment with the SiC abrasive paste; the values were 0.53 ± 0.36 μm, 0.26 ± 0.05 μm and 0.70 ± 0.15 μm for the vertical, horizontal, and oblique sample, respectively. Instead, in terms of surface morphology, it was observed a significant reduction in the porosity of the components when LEHCEB was performed, despite this the Ra values are at the threshold for the biomedical application considered, so it is recommended to combine it with another surface finishing technique. Finally, even though the EP is an established technique well known for the ability to reduce the surface roughness to very low values, in this case it led to unforeseeable results due to the high initial Ra values of the as-built samples.
Additive manufacturing consiste nella creazione di parti da un modello computazionale 3D, che vengono prodotte strato dopo strato portando all'eliminazione di processi aggiuntivi come saldatura, assemblaggio o incollaggio. Tuttavia, l’uso di componenti realizzati tramite Additive Manufacturing è limitato a causa della loro elevata porosità e della scarsa qualità superficiale. Lo scopo di questo lavoro è stato il miglioramento della finitura superficiale dei componenti 17-4 PH ottenuti tramite Binder Jetting in tre diversi orientamenti di stampa (verticale, orizzontale, obliqua). I componenti sono stati sottoposti a diversi trattamenti superficiali: fascio di elettroni ad alta corrente a bassa energia (LEHCEB), elettro lucidatura (EP) e finitura di massa (MF). Inoltre, è stata eseguita una simulazione computazionale in COMSOL Multiphysics dei campi di temperatura dinamici indotti dal processo LEHCEB per comprendere il comportamento termico del materiale. I risultati hanno mostrato che per ottenere la migliore finitura nel LEHCEB è necessario combinare un elevato numero di impulsi (fino a 40) ed elevata tensione di accelerazione (soprattutto 30 kV). Nel caso dell'EP è stata riscontrata una diminuzione dei valori di Ra rispetto al riferimento per tutte le densità di corrente impiegate. Si è osservata una netta riduzione da 25 a 50 A/dm2, mentre a 100 A/dm2 non si sono osservati ulteriori miglioramenti. Per quanto riguarda il MF, un incremento del tempo di processo ha portato ad un miglioramento della finitura superficiale dei campioni. Inoltre, le particelle abrasive di SiC si sono rivelate più efficaci nella riduzione delle irregolarità della superficie rispetto ad Al2O3 e SiO2. I tre processi di finitura superficiale studiati hanno mostrato diversi tassi di riduzione di Ra. Tra i tre trattamenti i valori più bassi del Ra sono stati riscontrati in MF dopo quattro ore di trattamento con la pasta abrasiva SiC, con valori di 0.53 ± 0.36 μm, 0.26 ± 0.05 μm e 0.70 ± 0.15 μm per il verticale, orizzontale e obliquo campione, rispettivamente. Invece, a livello di morfologia superficiale, si è osservata una significativa riduzione della porosità dei componenti quando è stato eseguito LEHCEB. Nonostante ciò, i valori di Ra sono alla soglia per l'applicazione biomedica considerata, per cui si consiglia di abbinarlo ad un'altra superficie tecnica di finitura. Infine, nonostante l'EP sia una tecnica consolidata e ben nota per la capacità di ridurre la rugosità superficiale fino a valori molto bassi, in questo caso ha portato a risultati imprevedibili a causa degli elevati valori Ra iniziali dei campioni as-built.
Surface finishing of 17-4PH steel produced by Binder Jetting for biomedical applications
Navarro Martinez, Sara Tatiana
2023/2024
Abstract
Additive manufacturing consists of the creation of the parts from a 3D computational model, which are produced layer by layer leading to the elimination of processes such as welding, assembling or glueing. However, the use of additively manufactured components is limited due to their high porosity and high surface roughness. The aim of the present work was the improvement of the surface finishing of the 17-4 PH components obtained by Binder Jetting in three different printing orientations (vertical, horizontal, oblique). The components were subjected to different surface treatments: Low-Energy High-Current Electron Beam (LEHCEB), electropolishing (EP) and mass finishing (MF). Moreover, it was performed a computational simulation in COMSOL Multiphysics of the dynamic temperature fields induced by the LEHCEB process to understand the thermal behaviour of the material. The results showed that to obtain the best finishing in the LEHCEB it is necessary to combine a high number of pulses (up to 40) and high accelerating voltage (30 kV). In the case of the EP, it was found a decrease in the Ra values with respect to the reference sample for all the current densities employed. There was a clear reduction from 25 to 50 A/dm2, but at 100 A/dm2 no further improvements were observed. Concerning the MF, an increment in the process time led to an improvement in the surface finishing of the samples. Silicon carbide abrasive particles proved to be most effective in the reduction of irregularities in the surface with respect to Al2O3 and SiO2. The three surface finishing processes showed different reduction rates of Ra. Among the three treatments the lower values of the Ra were found with MF after four hours of treatment with the SiC abrasive paste; the values were 0.53 ± 0.36 μm, 0.26 ± 0.05 μm and 0.70 ± 0.15 μm for the vertical, horizontal, and oblique sample, respectively. Instead, in terms of surface morphology, it was observed a significant reduction in the porosity of the components when LEHCEB was performed, despite this the Ra values are at the threshold for the biomedical application considered, so it is recommended to combine it with another surface finishing technique. Finally, even though the EP is an established technique well known for the ability to reduce the surface roughness to very low values, in this case it led to unforeseeable results due to the high initial Ra values of the as-built samples.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2024_04_Navarro Martinez_Executive Summary.pdf
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Descrizione: Executive Summary
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2024_04_Navarro Martinez_Thesis.pdf
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Descrizione: Thesis
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/217977