During the Second World War, Italy along with Nazi Germany occupied and controlled extensive regions of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. A strong military control aimed at suppressing activities perceived as subversive and initiating an ethnic replacement process. Executions, reprisals, and summary trials became extremely common. A system of concentration camps and prisons for Slavs was consequently established throughout Italian territory. Due to the precarious conditions of internment, numerous military and civilian died; those who survived were liberated shortly after the armistice on September 8, 1943. Some of them joined Italian partisan battalions to fight the war against the same invader of their homeland. In the immediate post-war period, diplomatic relations between Italy and the newly formed Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia led by Tito were extremely complex, primarily due to the unresolved issue of eastern borders. In the 1960s, during the governments led by Moro, a phase of diplomatic distension had begun, ending in the signing of the Osimo Treaties in 1975. The new dialogue encompassed various areas of interest, and, for example, the Yugoslav government obtained permission to build four monuments to honour its victims on Italian soil during the Second World War. Important Yugoslav artists of the time guided the design construction of the memorials, between 1970 when the first one was inaugurated in Barletta and 1978, the year of the completion of the one in Rome. This work aims to provide the reader with the necessary tools to understand the morphology and history of these monuments, highlighting how they constitute a system of shrines embedded in a broader context of memory architectures actively implemented by Tito’s Yugoslavia on its territory. The four memorials represent highly qualitative architectural interventions and are absolutely unique in the built heritage of our country.
Nel corso della Seconda Guerra Mondiale, l'Italia affianca la Germania nazista nell'occupazione e nel controllo di estese regioni del Regno di Jugoslavia. Un rigido controllo militare, volto alla repressione di attività ritenute sovversive e all’inizio di un processo di sostituzione etnica fece sì che esecuzioni, rappresaglie e processi sommari fossero all’ordine del giorno. Un sistema di campi di concentramento e prigionia per slavi fu quindi istituito in tutto il territorio italiano. A causa delle precarie condizioni di internamento numerosissime furono le vittime militari e civili; coloro che sopravvissero furono liberati poco dopo l'armistizio dell'8 settembre 1943. Tra questi alcuni si unirono ai battaglioni italiani partigiani per combattere una guerra contro lo stesso invasore della propria patria. Nell’immediato dopoguerra le relazioni diplomatiche tra Italia e la neonata Repubblica Federativa Popolare di Jugoslavia guidata da Tito erano estremamente complesse, principalmente a causa della questione irrisolta dei confini orientali. Negli anni Sessanta, durante i governi guidati da Moro, si intraprese una fase di distensione delle relazioni diplomatiche che culminò, nel 1975, con la firma dei trattati di Osimo. Il nuovo dialogo abbracciò numerosi ambiti d’interesse e, ad esempio, il governo jugoslavo ottenne il permesso per erigere quattro sacrari per onorare le proprie vittime cadute nel territorio italiano durante la Seconda Guerra Mondiale. La costruzione dei memoriali, tra il 1970 in cui fu inaugurato il primo a Barletta e il 1978, anno della realizzazione di quello di Roma, fu affidata a rinomati artisti jugoslavi dell'epoca. Questo lavoro si propone di fornire al lettore gli strumenti necessari per comprendere la morfologia e la storia di tali monumenti, evidenziando come costituiscano un sistema di sacrari inseriti in un contesto più ampio di architetture della memoria che la Jugoslavia di Tito stava attivamente implementando sul proprio territorio. I quattro sacrari, dislocati lungo l'intera penisola, rappresentano interventi architettonici di notevole pregio e assolutamente unici nel patrimonio costruito del nostro paese.
I sacrari jugoslavi in italia : storia e caratteri
Mariani, Pietro
2022/2023
Abstract
During the Second World War, Italy along with Nazi Germany occupied and controlled extensive regions of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. A strong military control aimed at suppressing activities perceived as subversive and initiating an ethnic replacement process. Executions, reprisals, and summary trials became extremely common. A system of concentration camps and prisons for Slavs was consequently established throughout Italian territory. Due to the precarious conditions of internment, numerous military and civilian died; those who survived were liberated shortly after the armistice on September 8, 1943. Some of them joined Italian partisan battalions to fight the war against the same invader of their homeland. In the immediate post-war period, diplomatic relations between Italy and the newly formed Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia led by Tito were extremely complex, primarily due to the unresolved issue of eastern borders. In the 1960s, during the governments led by Moro, a phase of diplomatic distension had begun, ending in the signing of the Osimo Treaties in 1975. The new dialogue encompassed various areas of interest, and, for example, the Yugoslav government obtained permission to build four monuments to honour its victims on Italian soil during the Second World War. Important Yugoslav artists of the time guided the design construction of the memorials, between 1970 when the first one was inaugurated in Barletta and 1978, the year of the completion of the one in Rome. This work aims to provide the reader with the necessary tools to understand the morphology and history of these monuments, highlighting how they constitute a system of shrines embedded in a broader context of memory architectures actively implemented by Tito’s Yugoslavia on its territory. The four memorials represent highly qualitative architectural interventions and are absolutely unique in the built heritage of our country.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2024_04_MARIANI_Tesi_01.pdf
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Descrizione: Testo tesi in italiano ed in inglese
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2024_04_MARIANI_Tavole_02.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/218017