In recent decades, controlled-release systems in combination with bicontinuous structures as carriers for the delivery of compounds have received increasing interest in various sectors due to their excellent performance. In particular, the focus was placed on bijels, interconnected porous structures formed by Pickering emulsions in which the organic and aqueous phases are present in similar amounts and stabilised by colloidal nanoparticles at the interface. In previous research, the potential of bijels formed from ε-caprolactone, ethanol, TBD and an aqueous phase containing hydroxyapatite nanoparticles has been demonstrated. In particular, the synthesis of bijels containing both pesticide and fertilizer and their slow release within a neutral environment (celite) were studied and characterised. The aim of this thesis is to extend this research by initially selecting a medium that simulates real conditions and then characterising the controlled release of urea (fertilizer) and atrazine (pesticide) in it. The first steps of the thesis work were dedicated to the synthesis of bijels and the characterisation of a derivatizing solution based on DMAB, ethanol and hydrochloric acid, necessary for the quantification of urea. In particular, different tests were performed for the last one, which allowed a complete evaluation of its behaviour and efficacy. Subsequently, a medium that could simulates real conditions was selected. After verifying the impossibility of using soil directly, various experiments were conducted to allow the selection of a mixture of 25 % by weight of soil and 75 % of coconut fibre. Finally, constant-rate release tests were performed using syringe pumps to assess the release profile of the samples, initially with urea alone and then with both compounds. In the first case, aqueous samples were directly derivatized and then analyzed with a UV-vis spectrophotometer. The results obtained ensured the effectiveness of the medium. In the co-delivery of both substances, the aqueous samples were subjected to solid-phase extraction and then analyzed as previously mentioned for urea and by gas chromatography with an electron capture detector for atrazine. The results obtained demonstrated that bijels are suitable systems for the controlled release of a pesticide and fertilizer.
Negli ultimi decenni, i sistemi a rilascio controllato in combinazione con strutture bi-continue, come vettori per la somministrazione di composti, hanno ricevuto un crescente interesse in diversi settori grazie alle loro eccellenti prestazioni. In particolare, l’attenzione è stata posta sui bijels, strutture porose interconnesse formate da emulsioni di Pickering in cui la fase organica e acquosa sono presenti in quantità simili e stabilizzate da nanoparticelle colloidali all’interfaccia. In precedenti ricerche è stato dimostrato il potenziale di bijels formati da ε-caprolattone, etanolo, TBD e una fase acquosa contenente nanoparticelle di idrossiapatite. In particolare, sono stati studiati e caratterizzati la sintesi di bijels contenti sia il pesticida che il fertilizzante e il loro lento rilascio all’interno di un ambiente neutro (celite). L’obiettivo di questa tesi è quello di ampliare la ricerca, selezionando inizialmente un mezzo che simuli le condizioni reali per poi caratterizzare il rilascio controllato di urea (fertilizzante) e atrazina (pesticida) in esso. Le prime fasi del lavoro di tesi sono state dedicate alla sintesi dei bijels e alla caratterizzazione di una soluzione derivatizzante a base di DMAB, etanolo e acido cloridrico, necessaria per la quantificazione dell’urea. In particolare, per quest’ultima sono stati svolti differenti test che hanno consentito di comprenderne a fondo il comportamento e l’efficacia. Successivamente, è stato selezionato un mezzo che potesse simulare le condizioni reali. Dopo aver constato l’impossibilità di utilizzare direttamente la terra, sono stati svolti diversi esperimenti che hanno permesso di selezionare una miscela al 25 % in peso di terra e al 75 % di fibra di cocco. Infine, sono stati svolti test di rilascio a velocità costante mediante l’ausilio di pompe siringa per valutare il profilo di rilascio dei campioni, prima con solo urea e poi con entrambi i composti. Nel primo caso i campioni acquosi sono stati direttamente derivatizzati e poi analizzati con uno spettrofotometro UV-vis. I risultati ottenuti hanno garantito l’efficacia del mezzo. Nel rilascio di entrambe le sostanze, i campioni acquosi sono stati sottoposti a estrazione in fase solida e poi analizzati come spiegato precedentemente per l’urea e mediante gascromatografia con un rivelatore a cattura di elettroni per l’atrazina. I risultati ottenuti hanno dimostrato che i bijel sono sistemi adatti per il rilascio controllato di un pesticida e di un fertilizzante.
Selection and characterization of soil-like media for controlled release of pesticide-fertilizer system through polymer-based bijel structure
Testini, Matteo
2023/2024
Abstract
In recent decades, controlled-release systems in combination with bicontinuous structures as carriers for the delivery of compounds have received increasing interest in various sectors due to their excellent performance. In particular, the focus was placed on bijels, interconnected porous structures formed by Pickering emulsions in which the organic and aqueous phases are present in similar amounts and stabilised by colloidal nanoparticles at the interface. In previous research, the potential of bijels formed from ε-caprolactone, ethanol, TBD and an aqueous phase containing hydroxyapatite nanoparticles has been demonstrated. In particular, the synthesis of bijels containing both pesticide and fertilizer and their slow release within a neutral environment (celite) were studied and characterised. The aim of this thesis is to extend this research by initially selecting a medium that simulates real conditions and then characterising the controlled release of urea (fertilizer) and atrazine (pesticide) in it. The first steps of the thesis work were dedicated to the synthesis of bijels and the characterisation of a derivatizing solution based on DMAB, ethanol and hydrochloric acid, necessary for the quantification of urea. In particular, different tests were performed for the last one, which allowed a complete evaluation of its behaviour and efficacy. Subsequently, a medium that could simulates real conditions was selected. After verifying the impossibility of using soil directly, various experiments were conducted to allow the selection of a mixture of 25 % by weight of soil and 75 % of coconut fibre. Finally, constant-rate release tests were performed using syringe pumps to assess the release profile of the samples, initially with urea alone and then with both compounds. In the first case, aqueous samples were directly derivatized and then analyzed with a UV-vis spectrophotometer. The results obtained ensured the effectiveness of the medium. In the co-delivery of both substances, the aqueous samples were subjected to solid-phase extraction and then analyzed as previously mentioned for urea and by gas chromatography with an electron capture detector for atrazine. The results obtained demonstrated that bijels are suitable systems for the controlled release of a pesticide and fertilizer.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Thesis_Matteo_Testini.pdf
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Executive_Summary_Matteo_Testini.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/218034