One of the main problems affecting rotor aerodynamics consists in the blade vortex interaction (BVI) phenomenon, that is the interaction between a rotor blade and the tip vortex generated by another blade. In the recent years, [22] starts investigating both experimentally and numerically the peculiar interaction of the parallel BVI on a NACA 23012 airfoil at Re = 300000 , M = 0.1 and angle of attack α = 10° . Observed results are promising, but also demonstrate the need to extend this investigation at higher angles of attack, approaching the stall of the airfoil. Essential preliminary condition in performing such study is a detailed characterisation of the unperturbed NACA 23012 for α > 10° . However, available data in literature exhibits a large variability in both maximum lift coefficient and stall angle predictions, preventing an univocal description of the airfoil performances. This work aims to provide an accurate and reliable baseline for NACA 23012 data, in order to continue the parallel BVI study. To pursue this objecive, a set of high fidelity numerical simulations is run. Exploiting the compressible LES local discontinuous Galerkin (LDG) solver implemented inside the open source FEMilaro library, simulations are performed at the angles of attack of 10°, 13°, 15° and 16°. A further simulation at α = 5° is employed to verify the code predictions in a less critical condition. To ensure the results accuracy, an exhaustive independence analysis is performed at α = 15° . The effects of LDG parameters, grid variables and time stepping are investigated and the full independence of the results is demonstrated. CL predictions agrees with some experimental literature data up to α = 13° , addressing the problem of the correctness of CL(α) curve at low and moderate α. Instead, unexpectedly high CL values are observed at 15° and 16°. These results reasonably are the exact results for the adopted solver, but the experienced large overprediction suggests that some further investigation is required to fully assess the exact 2D CL(α) curve at high angles of attack.
Uno dei problemi principali riguardanti l’aerodinamica dei rotori consiste nella così detta BVI (blade vortex interation), ovvero l’interazione tra una pala del rotore e il vortice di estremità generato da un’altra pala. Recentemente, [21] ha iniziato uno studio sia sperimentale sia numerico della particolare interazione della BVI parallela su un profilo NACA 23012 nelle condizioni di Re=300000 , M=0.1 e incidenza α=10° . I risultati ottenuti sono significativi, ma indicano anche la necessità di estendere lo studo ad angoli di incidenza superiori, avvicinandosi alle condizioni di stallo. Condizione imprescindibile per tale estensione è una dettagliata caratterizzazione del NACA 23012 a α>10° . Tuttavia, i dati presenti in letteratura mostrano una grande incertezza nelle stime del massimo coefficiente di portanza e dell’angolo di stallo. L’obiettivo di questo lavoro è fornire un riferimento accurato e affidabile delle performances del NACA 23012 per continuare lo studio sulla BVI parallela. Per perseguire tale obiettivo, sono state eseguite alcune simulazioni numeriche ad alta fedeltà. Sfruttando il solutore LES comprimibile agli elementi finiti discontinui implementato nella libreria open source FEMilaro, sono state eseguite prove alle incidenze di 10°, 13°, 15° e 16°. Un’ulteriore simulazione ad α = 5° è stata impiegata per verificare i risultati del codice in condizioni meno severe. Inoltre, per verificare l’esattezza delle soluzioni, si è condotta un’estensiva analisi di indipendenza ad α = 15°. Si sono discussi gli effetti dei parametri del metodo LDG, della griglia e del passo temporale. La completa indipendenza dei risultati è dimostrata. I valori stimati di CL sono allineati ad alcune misure sperimentali in letteratura fino ad α = 13°. Invece, a 15° e 16° si trovati valori inaspettatamente alti. Ragionevolmente, questi risultati sono i risultati esatti del solutore utilizzato. Tuttavia, l’evidente sovrastima indica la necessità di investigare ulteriormente il problema prima di stabilire quale sia l’esatta CL(α) bidimensionale ad alte incidenze.
Lift coefficient predictions for a NACA 23012 airfoil at low Reynolds number through a high fidelity DG-LES solver
VALVO, PAOLO
2022/2023
Abstract
One of the main problems affecting rotor aerodynamics consists in the blade vortex interaction (BVI) phenomenon, that is the interaction between a rotor blade and the tip vortex generated by another blade. In the recent years, [22] starts investigating both experimentally and numerically the peculiar interaction of the parallel BVI on a NACA 23012 airfoil at Re = 300000 , M = 0.1 and angle of attack α = 10° . Observed results are promising, but also demonstrate the need to extend this investigation at higher angles of attack, approaching the stall of the airfoil. Essential preliminary condition in performing such study is a detailed characterisation of the unperturbed NACA 23012 for α > 10° . However, available data in literature exhibits a large variability in both maximum lift coefficient and stall angle predictions, preventing an univocal description of the airfoil performances. This work aims to provide an accurate and reliable baseline for NACA 23012 data, in order to continue the parallel BVI study. To pursue this objecive, a set of high fidelity numerical simulations is run. Exploiting the compressible LES local discontinuous Galerkin (LDG) solver implemented inside the open source FEMilaro library, simulations are performed at the angles of attack of 10°, 13°, 15° and 16°. A further simulation at α = 5° is employed to verify the code predictions in a less critical condition. To ensure the results accuracy, an exhaustive independence analysis is performed at α = 15° . The effects of LDG parameters, grid variables and time stepping are investigated and the full independence of the results is demonstrated. CL predictions agrees with some experimental literature data up to α = 13° , addressing the problem of the correctness of CL(α) curve at low and moderate α. Instead, unexpectedly high CL values are observed at 15° and 16°. These results reasonably are the exact results for the adopted solver, but the experienced large overprediction suggests that some further investigation is required to fully assess the exact 2D CL(α) curve at high angles of attack.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2024_04_Valvo_Tesi_01.pdf
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2024_04_Valvo_Executive_Summary_02.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/218243