Asbestos, known since ancient times for its unique chemical and physical properties, has been widely used in many fields and manufacturing industries before its dangers for human health were discovered. The usage of copious quantities of asbestos had a major impact on the construction industry concerning civil and industrial structures, where, even today, Asbestos-Containing Materials (ACMs) can be found. Since the early 20th century, the growing awareness of the danger to humans and the availability of studies related to the risks of exposure to airborne asbestos fibres culminated, in 1973, in the identification of the relationship between the inhalation of asbestos fibres and the occurrence of lung cancer and mesothelioma by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Following this demonstration, asbestos was placed on the list of carcinogens to humans. Airborne fibres are extremely dangerous because, if inhaled, they can cause the development of serious diseases known as asbestos-related diseases (some of which have ominous outcomes), including pleural mesothelioma and lung cancer. Despite the ban on mining, processing, and marketing in effect since 2005, asbestos is still present in millions of buildings and infrastructures throughout the European Union and, also in our country, the process of land remediation has yet to be completed. One of the reasons that led to this situation is related to bureaucratic and regulatory problems. At the European level, the problem of asbestos exposure has recently been addressed by the European Parliament, which has decided to act based on statistics related to the health of the European workers provided by the WHO (World Health Organization) and EU-OSHA (European Agency for Safety and Health at Work). According to these statistics, about 78% of work-related cancers in the EU are due to exposure to asbestos. Considering that the use of ACMs has been banned for many years, the numbers concern activities that result in contact between workers and ACMs during maintenance and/or demolition of buildings in which these materials are present. The statistics also refer to the activities on plants in which the presence of ACMs has not been previously detected. In any case, the risk of exposure is high in these activities if they are performed without the use of adequate prevention and protection measures. In addition to these situations, it is also necessary to take in consideration the airborne dispersion of fibres from degraded roofs of buildings and warehouses for which the census required by the current legislation is still incomplete. Based on all these problems, in October 2022 the European Parliament approved an amendment to Directive 2009/148/CE, which regulates the protection of workers exposed to asbestos. The new EU Directive 2023/2668, which is part of Europe’s Beating Cancer Plan, provides for the lowering of the occupational exposure limit value (OEL) to asbestos and the adoption of a new analytical technique that is more sensitive and suitable for detecting the new limit. It is believed that these changes, in addition to improving the protection of workers exposed to asbestos, with particular attention to those working in the construction industry, will have a significant impact on reducing the risk of developing an asbestos-related disease. These amendments have been suggested also considering the increase in the number of building renovations resulting from the implementation of the European Green Deal. To achieve the objectives of the green transition, desired by the European Commission, it is necessary to go through the renovation and/or demolition of a considerable number of buildings constituting the European real estate heritage. These activities, considering the average age of the constructions that will be involved, will lead to the execution of remediation works in buildings containing ACMs, which must be conducted with the proper removal and disposal procedures because of the nature of the dangerous waste materials. In this thesis, an examination of the specific national and European legislation has been made, with particular attention on the effects of the innovations introduced by the EU Directive 2023/2668 which, as provided by the EU regulations, must be adopted by the national law not later than 21 December 2025. In particular, the different analytical techniques available, to date, for the analysis of asbestos fibres in massive or airborne samples were evaluated and compared with the new prescriptions provided by the new Directive. In addition, the published standards of the Italian Standardization Body (UNI) about the census of sites containing ACMs and the determination of the degradation index of these materials were also analysed. To complete the work, the methodologies for the management of the activities in presence of asbestos and the main remediation techniques provided for and regulated by the current legislation are reported.
L’amianto, noto fin dall’antichità per le sue particolari caratteristiche chimico-fisiche, prima che fosse scoperta la sua pericolosità per la salute umana, è stato ampiamente utilizzato in passato in molti ambiti e settori manifatturieri, con un importante impatto nel campo edilizio riguardante strutture civili e industriali nei quali, ancora oggi, sono presenti materiali contenenti amianto (MCA). A partire dagli inizi del XX secolo, la crescente consapevolezza della pericolosità per l’uomo e la disponibilità di studi relativi ai rischi di esposizione alle fibre di amianto aerodisperse culminati nel 1973 nella identificazione del rapporto tra l’inalazione di fibre di amianto e l’insorgenza di tumori polmonari e mesoteliomi, così come dimostrato dall’Agenzia Internazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro (IARC), l’amianto è stato inserito nella lista delle sostanze cancerogene per l’uomo. Infatti, le fibre aerodisperse sono estremamente pericolose, poiché, se inalate, sono in grado di causare l’insorgenza di gravi malattie note come malattie asbesto-correlate (alcune di queste con esito infausto), tra cui il mesotelioma pleurico e il cancro ai polmoni. Nonostante il divieto di estrazione, lavorazione e commercializzazione in vigore dal 2005, l’amianto è però ancora presente in milioni di edifici ed infrastrutture in tutta l’Unione europea e, anche nel nostro paese, il processo di bonifica del territorio non è ancora stato completato, anche in conseguenza di problemi burocratici e regolamentari. A livello europeo, il problema legato all’esposizione all’amianto è stato recentemente affrontato dal Parlamento europeo che ha deciso di intervenire sulla base delle statistiche relative alla salute dei lavoratori europei fornite dall’OMS (Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanità) e dall’ EU-OSHA (Agenzia Europea per la Salute e Sicurezza sul Lavoro). Secondo queste statistiche, infatti, circa il 78% dei tumori riconosciuti come professionali negli stati membri è dovuto all’esposizione ad amianto durante l’attività lavorativa. Considerato che l’uso dei MCA è vietato da molti anni, è evidente che questi numeri riguardano principalmente le attività che portano i lavoratori in contatto con MCA durante le attività di manutenzione e/o demolizione di fabbricati in cui questi materiali sono presenti oppure in attività su impianti nei quali la presenza di MCA non è stata precedentemente riscontrata. In ogni caso, attività attuate senza l’adozione di adeguate misure di prevenzione e protezione. Oltre a queste cause, è possibile anche considerare l’aerodispersione di fibre di amianto provenienti dalle coperture degradate di fabbricati e capannoni rispetto ai quali il censimento previsto dalla legislazione vigente è ancora incompleto. Per quanto sopra, nell’ottobre del 2022 il Parlamento europeo ha approvato una modifica della Direttiva 2009/148/CE, che regolamenta la protezione dei lavoratori esposti all’amianto. La nuova Direttiva UE 2023/2668, che rientra nel Piano europeo di lotta al cancro, prevede l’abbassamento del valore limite di esposizione occupazionale (OEL) all’amianto e l’adozione di una nuova tecnica analitica più sensibile e idonea a rilevare il nuovo limite nella convinzione che, queste modifiche, oltre a migliorare la protezione dei lavoratori esposti all’amianto con particolare riferimento a quelli che operano nel settore edilizio, avranno un impatto significativo sulla riduzione del rischio di contrarre una malattia asbesto-correlata. Questo anche in considerazione dell’aumento del numero delle ristrutturazioni edilizie conseguenti l’attuazione del Green Deal europeo. Infatti, il raggiungimento degli obiettivi di questa transizione verde voluta dalla Commissione europea passa necessariamente attraverso opere di ristrutturazione e/o demolizione di un numero rilevante di fabbricati costituenti il patrimonio immobiliare europeo. Attività che, in considerazione dell’età media delle costruzioni che saranno coinvolte, porteranno ad eseguire attività in fabbricati contenenti MCA con la conseguente necessità di una corretta rimozione e smaltimento dei materiali di risulta. Nel presente lavoro di tesi è stata fatta una disamina della normativa nazionale ed europea specifica, analizzando in particolare gli effetti delle novità introdotte le dalla Direttiva UE 2023/2668 che, per quanto previsto dai regolamenti comunitari, dovrà essere recepita nell’ordinamento nazionale entro il 21 dicembre 2025. In particolare, sono state valutate le diverse tecniche analitiche disponibili, ad oggi, per l’analisi delle fibre di amianto in campioni massivi o aerodispersi che sono state messe a confronto con quanto previsto dalla nuova Direttiva. Oltre a questo, sono state analizzate anche le norme pubblicate dell’Ente Italiano di Normazione UNI in tema di censimento dei siti contenenti MCA e per la determinazione dell’indice di degrado di tali materiali A completamento del lavoro, vengono riportate le metodologie per la gestione delle attività in presenza di amianto e le principali tecniche di bonifica previste e regolamentate dalla legislazione vigente.
La nuova Direttiva UE 2023/2668 relativa alla protezione dei lavoratori contro i rischi connessi all'esposizione all'amianto
Pozzi, Vittoria
2022/2023
Abstract
Asbestos, known since ancient times for its unique chemical and physical properties, has been widely used in many fields and manufacturing industries before its dangers for human health were discovered. The usage of copious quantities of asbestos had a major impact on the construction industry concerning civil and industrial structures, where, even today, Asbestos-Containing Materials (ACMs) can be found. Since the early 20th century, the growing awareness of the danger to humans and the availability of studies related to the risks of exposure to airborne asbestos fibres culminated, in 1973, in the identification of the relationship between the inhalation of asbestos fibres and the occurrence of lung cancer and mesothelioma by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Following this demonstration, asbestos was placed on the list of carcinogens to humans. Airborne fibres are extremely dangerous because, if inhaled, they can cause the development of serious diseases known as asbestos-related diseases (some of which have ominous outcomes), including pleural mesothelioma and lung cancer. Despite the ban on mining, processing, and marketing in effect since 2005, asbestos is still present in millions of buildings and infrastructures throughout the European Union and, also in our country, the process of land remediation has yet to be completed. One of the reasons that led to this situation is related to bureaucratic and regulatory problems. At the European level, the problem of asbestos exposure has recently been addressed by the European Parliament, which has decided to act based on statistics related to the health of the European workers provided by the WHO (World Health Organization) and EU-OSHA (European Agency for Safety and Health at Work). According to these statistics, about 78% of work-related cancers in the EU are due to exposure to asbestos. Considering that the use of ACMs has been banned for many years, the numbers concern activities that result in contact between workers and ACMs during maintenance and/or demolition of buildings in which these materials are present. The statistics also refer to the activities on plants in which the presence of ACMs has not been previously detected. In any case, the risk of exposure is high in these activities if they are performed without the use of adequate prevention and protection measures. In addition to these situations, it is also necessary to take in consideration the airborne dispersion of fibres from degraded roofs of buildings and warehouses for which the census required by the current legislation is still incomplete. Based on all these problems, in October 2022 the European Parliament approved an amendment to Directive 2009/148/CE, which regulates the protection of workers exposed to asbestos. The new EU Directive 2023/2668, which is part of Europe’s Beating Cancer Plan, provides for the lowering of the occupational exposure limit value (OEL) to asbestos and the adoption of a new analytical technique that is more sensitive and suitable for detecting the new limit. It is believed that these changes, in addition to improving the protection of workers exposed to asbestos, with particular attention to those working in the construction industry, will have a significant impact on reducing the risk of developing an asbestos-related disease. These amendments have been suggested also considering the increase in the number of building renovations resulting from the implementation of the European Green Deal. To achieve the objectives of the green transition, desired by the European Commission, it is necessary to go through the renovation and/or demolition of a considerable number of buildings constituting the European real estate heritage. These activities, considering the average age of the constructions that will be involved, will lead to the execution of remediation works in buildings containing ACMs, which must be conducted with the proper removal and disposal procedures because of the nature of the dangerous waste materials. In this thesis, an examination of the specific national and European legislation has been made, with particular attention on the effects of the innovations introduced by the EU Directive 2023/2668 which, as provided by the EU regulations, must be adopted by the national law not later than 21 December 2025. In particular, the different analytical techniques available, to date, for the analysis of asbestos fibres in massive or airborne samples were evaluated and compared with the new prescriptions provided by the new Directive. In addition, the published standards of the Italian Standardization Body (UNI) about the census of sites containing ACMs and the determination of the degradation index of these materials were also analysed. To complete the work, the methodologies for the management of the activities in presence of asbestos and the main remediation techniques provided for and regulated by the current legislation are reported.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/218312