Metal additive manufacturing technology via laser power bed fusion has become very attractive nowadays, especially in fields like aerospace engineering. This method's appeal lies in its high weight-saving potential, which is based on the capability of the process to produce complex designs. The aluminum alloy Scalmalloy can further increase this potential for lightweight design due to its exceptional combination of high strength and ductility. Although numerous research has been carried out to study the dynamic strength for other aluminum alloys such as AlSi10Mg, there is limited insight into the fatigue behavior of Scalmalloy. This thesis aims to investigate the fatigue performance of Scalmalloy in as-built surface condition. Fatigue testing was performed on two vertically manufactured series of batches manufactured by SLM 280 and EOS M290 AM machines at R=-1 up to failure to compare their performances, and results showed a better fatigue performance for batch 2 series (produced by EOS M290). After that, all fatigue specimens were examined via SEM to observe the fracture surfaces and determine the √area – parameter of fracture-inducing defects. SEM along with EBSD analysis were also carried out to observe the microstructure containing intermetallic particles and grains. Optical microscopy analysis was performed to investigate the density, volumetric defects, and melt pools. Moreover, to study the crack propagation behavior and obtain long crack threshold in Scalmalloy, both vertical and horizontal samples were tested at different load ratios of -1, 0, 0.7. The crack propagation test results showed similarity between threshold values of vertically and horizontally manufactured specimens, which can be related to very fine grain microstructure of Scalmalloy containing columnar and fine grain regions. Surface roughness and residual stress measurements were carried out to compare the parameters between the two batches. The superior fatigue performance of batch 2 specimens was due to the presence of compressive residual stresses on the surface. Finally, Kitagawa-Takahashi diagrams including modified El-Haddad fit were plotted to obtain the safe-life region considering the effect of residual stresses.
La tecnologia di produzione additiva dei metalli tramite fusione a letto di polvere tramite laser è, oggi, di estremo interesse, soprattutto in settori quali l'ingegneria aerospaziale. I vantaggi che questa tecnologia offre sono soprattutto legati al risparmio di peso grazie alla capacità del processo di produrre progetti complessi. La lega di alluminio Scalmalloy ha il potenziale di permettere un ulteriore risparmio di peso, grazie alla sua eccezionale combinazione di resistenza e duttilità. Sebbene siano state condotte numerose ricerche per studiare la resistenza a fatica di altre leghe di alluminio, come ad esempio AlSi10Mg, la conoscenza del comportamento a fatica della Scalmalloy è limitata. Questa tesi si propone di studiare le prestazioni a fatica della lega Scalmalloy in condizioni di superficie "as-built". Le prove di fatica sono state eseguite su due serie di lotti prodotti in direzione verticale con macchine SLM 280 e EOS M290 AM a rapporto di ciclo R=-1 per confrontare le loro prestazioni; i risultati hanno mostrato una migliore prestazione a fatica del secondo lotto. Successivamente, tutti i campioni a fatica sono stati esaminati al SEM per osservare le superfici di frattura e determinare il parametro √area dei difetti che inducono la frattura. Sono state inoltre eseguite analisi al SEM e EBSD dove è stata osservata la microstruttura contenente particelle intermetalliche e grani. L'analisi al microscopio ottico è stata eseguita per studiare la densità, i difetti volumetrici e i melt pool. Inoltre, per studiare il comportamento della propagazione della cricca e ottenere il valore di soglia di propagazione, provini stampati verticalmente e orizzontalmente sono stati testati ai diversi rapporti di carico di -1, 0, 0,7. I risultati dei test di propagazione hanno mostrato una somiglianza tra i valori di soglia dei campioni prodotti verticalmente e orizzontalmente, il che può essere correlato alla microstruttura a grana fine della lega Scalmalloy, contenente regioni a grana fine e colonnare. Sono state inoltre effettuate misurazioni della rugosità superficiale e delle tensioni residue per confrontare i parametri tra i due lotti. Le prestazioni a fatica superiori dei campioni del secondo lotto sono dovute alla presenza di tensioni residue di compressione sulla superficie. Infine sono stati tracciati i diagrammi di Kitagawa-Takahashi attraverso il modello di El-Haddad modificato al fine di fornire un criterio di progettazione “damage tolerance” considerando l'effetto delle tensioni residue.
Microstructure and fatigue properties of an Al-based alloy manufactured by AM
GOVAHI, PARNIAN
2022/2023
Abstract
Metal additive manufacturing technology via laser power bed fusion has become very attractive nowadays, especially in fields like aerospace engineering. This method's appeal lies in its high weight-saving potential, which is based on the capability of the process to produce complex designs. The aluminum alloy Scalmalloy can further increase this potential for lightweight design due to its exceptional combination of high strength and ductility. Although numerous research has been carried out to study the dynamic strength for other aluminum alloys such as AlSi10Mg, there is limited insight into the fatigue behavior of Scalmalloy. This thesis aims to investigate the fatigue performance of Scalmalloy in as-built surface condition. Fatigue testing was performed on two vertically manufactured series of batches manufactured by SLM 280 and EOS M290 AM machines at R=-1 up to failure to compare their performances, and results showed a better fatigue performance for batch 2 series (produced by EOS M290). After that, all fatigue specimens were examined via SEM to observe the fracture surfaces and determine the √area – parameter of fracture-inducing defects. SEM along with EBSD analysis were also carried out to observe the microstructure containing intermetallic particles and grains. Optical microscopy analysis was performed to investigate the density, volumetric defects, and melt pools. Moreover, to study the crack propagation behavior and obtain long crack threshold in Scalmalloy, both vertical and horizontal samples were tested at different load ratios of -1, 0, 0.7. The crack propagation test results showed similarity between threshold values of vertically and horizontally manufactured specimens, which can be related to very fine grain microstructure of Scalmalloy containing columnar and fine grain regions. Surface roughness and residual stress measurements were carried out to compare the parameters between the two batches. The superior fatigue performance of batch 2 specimens was due to the presence of compressive residual stresses on the surface. Finally, Kitagawa-Takahashi diagrams including modified El-Haddad fit were plotted to obtain the safe-life region considering the effect of residual stresses.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2024_03_Govahi_Thesis_01.pdf
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2024_03_Govahi_Executive Summary_02.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/218822