Among van der Waals (vdW) materials, two-dimensional (2D) ferromagnets have emerged as a captivating research topic since the initial experimental discovery of ferromagnetic (FM) ordering in a monolayer of CrI3 in 2017. The investigation of these materials is driven by the increasing need to scale down devices and explore new magnetic properties by reducing dimensionality, particularly in the emerging fields of spintronics and spin- orbitronics. In this study, we delve into the magnetic properties of epitaxial 2D vdW Chromium Chlorides (i.e., CrCl2, CrCl3). First, monolayers were grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), and their structure was characterized in situ through electron diffraction (LEED) and microscopy (STM). Subsequently, X-ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism (XMCD) ex- periments were conducted to characterize their magnetic properties. We considered a non- magnetic substrate (Au(111)) and two magnetic substrates (Ni(111) and Ni(111)/Gr), allowing the growth of different species with different magnetic behaviors. CrCl3 ob- tained on Au(111) presents ferromagnetic (FM) order at 4 K with no measured magnetic anisotropy. The more chemically reactive Ni(111) substrate stabilizes, instead, the lower- valence CrCl2. This species exhibits a classic paramagnetic behavior at 4 K. In order to promote the formation of FM CrCl3 domains, an inert epitaxial graphene layer was deposited on top of the Ni(111) substrate. Here, we observed an increase of the FM CrCl3 signal and a small magnetic anisotropy, which is not observed during growth on the bare Ni(111) surface. Finally, the signature of a coupling between the Ni(111) substrate and the magnetic 2D layer has been found, suggesting a magnetic proximity effect at the interface and opening the way for further investigations on 2D CrCl3 in vdW heterostructures
Tra i composti di van der Waals (vdW), i materiali magnetici bidimensionali (2D) sono diventati oggetto di una intensa attività di ricerca fin dalla scoperta sperimentale del ferromagnetismo in uno strato monoatomico di CrI3 nel 2017. L’indagine su questa classe di materiali è motivata dalla crescente necessità di ridurre le dimensioni dei dispositivi ed esplorare nuove proprietà magnetiche in campi emergenti quali spintronica e spin- orbitronica. In questo lavoro, abbiamo studiato le proprietà magnetiche dei Cloruri di Cromo (e.g., CrCl2, CrCl3). Strati monoatomici sono stati cresciuti mediante molecular beam epi- taxy (MBE), e la loro struttura è stata caratterizzata in situ attraverso esperimenti di diffrazione di elettroni (LEED) e di microscopia elettronica (STM). Successivamente, es- perimenti di X-ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism (XMCD) sono stati condotti per carat- terizzare le loro proprietà magnetiche. L’uso di un substrato non magnetico (Au(111)) e di due substrati magnetici (Ni(111) e Ni(111)/Gr), ha consentito la crescita di diverse specie con comportamenti magnetici differenti. Il CrCl3 ottenuto su Au(111) presenta un ordine ferromagnetico a 4 K senza anisotropia magnetica. Il substrato Ni(111), più reattivo chimicamente, stabilizza invece una specie a valenza minore (CrCl2) avente un comportamento paramagnetico a 4 K. Per favorire la formazione di domini di CrCl3 fer- romagnetici, uno strato inerte di grafene epitassiale è stato depositato sul substrato di Ni(111). Su questo campione, abbiamo osservato un aumento del segnale riconducibile al CrCl3 e una debole anisotropia magnetica, non osservata sul campione non grafenizzato. Infine, abbiamo osservato l’esistenza di un accoppiamento magnetico tra il substrato di Ni(111) e lo strato di CrCl3, suggerendo effetti di prossimità magnetica all’interfaccia e aprendo la strada a ulteriori indagini sul CrCl3 all’interno di eterostrutture di vdW.
Epitaxial growth and magnetic characterization of 2d chromium chlorides
BUCCOLIERO, GIUSEPPE
2023/2024
Abstract
Among van der Waals (vdW) materials, two-dimensional (2D) ferromagnets have emerged as a captivating research topic since the initial experimental discovery of ferromagnetic (FM) ordering in a monolayer of CrI3 in 2017. The investigation of these materials is driven by the increasing need to scale down devices and explore new magnetic properties by reducing dimensionality, particularly in the emerging fields of spintronics and spin- orbitronics. In this study, we delve into the magnetic properties of epitaxial 2D vdW Chromium Chlorides (i.e., CrCl2, CrCl3). First, monolayers were grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), and their structure was characterized in situ through electron diffraction (LEED) and microscopy (STM). Subsequently, X-ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism (XMCD) ex- periments were conducted to characterize their magnetic properties. We considered a non- magnetic substrate (Au(111)) and two magnetic substrates (Ni(111) and Ni(111)/Gr), allowing the growth of different species with different magnetic behaviors. CrCl3 ob- tained on Au(111) presents ferromagnetic (FM) order at 4 K with no measured magnetic anisotropy. The more chemically reactive Ni(111) substrate stabilizes, instead, the lower- valence CrCl2. This species exhibits a classic paramagnetic behavior at 4 K. In order to promote the formation of FM CrCl3 domains, an inert epitaxial graphene layer was deposited on top of the Ni(111) substrate. Here, we observed an increase of the FM CrCl3 signal and a small magnetic anisotropy, which is not observed during growth on the bare Ni(111) surface. Finally, the signature of a coupling between the Ni(111) substrate and the magnetic 2D layer has been found, suggesting a magnetic proximity effect at the interface and opening the way for further investigations on 2D CrCl3 in vdW heterostructuresFile | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2024_04_Buccoliero.pdf
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2024_04_Buccoliero_Executive Summary.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/219077