Pesticides contribute to the contamination of water bodies, posing great health risks for both human and environmental biota. Many environmental remediation techniques exist for removing pesticides from water, among which adsorption is widely investigated. Atrazine is one of the most studied compounds in the scientific literature for validating the adsorption efficiency of sorbent materials, and its chemical structure allows for synthetic modifications that introduce functional groups that could modify its chemical-physical properties. For these reasons, it appeared to be an ideal candidate as a model compound, as confirmed by a preliminary cluster analysis, which grouped pesticides by considering 3 chemical-physical properties. I also conducted a further meta-analysis of the operating conditions for pesticide adsorption tests based on literature data, to understand if Atrazine could also predict the adsorption behaviour of other compounds. A cluster analysis of the adsorption operating conditions was performed and within the cluster with the highest amount of data and the most realistic operating conditions, the distribution of Atrazine’s adsorption capacities was compared to that of other pesticides with similar properties. Even though the distributions appeared graphically similar, they were not statistically so. This can be attributed to the fact that a crucial role in the results returned by the analysis is represented by the difference in the adsorbent materials used. In fact, when compared on an equal basis of adsorbent materials, these distributions resulted statistically similar. These results proved that Atrazine is a reliable model for describing adsorption phenomena of a family of pesticides, and that adsorption is strictly dependent on the interaction between solute and sorbent. For this reason, the second part of this work focused on an in-depth study of the interaction between Atrazine, its derivatives, and different cellulose-based adsorbent materials. I introduced lipophilic and hydrophilic groups on the triazine core of Atrazine, and I also produced different cellulose-based adsorbent materials, studying the interaction mechanisms between the new molecules and the functional groups present on the sorbent surface. Lastly, a commercial cellulose-based adsorbent was also investigated, and it showed satisfactory adsorption performances on the tested molecules. These latter results allowed us to better understand the mechanisms of interaction between Atrazine and the designed cellulose-based materials, also suggesting a way to improve the adsorbents to obtain more efficient removals of the category of pesticides well represented by the model herbicide, as corroborated by the meta-analytical study.
I pesticidi contribuiscono alla contaminazione dei corpi idrici, rappresentando grandi rischi per la salute sia dell'uomo che del biota. Esistono molte tecniche di bonifica per rimuovere i pesticidi dall'acqua, tra queste l'adsorbimento è ampiamente studiato. L'Atrazina è uno dei composti più studiati in letteratura scientifica per validare l'efficienza di adsorbimento di materiali adsorbenti, e la sua struttura consente modifiche chimiche che introducono gruppi funzionali in grado di modificarne le proprietà chimico-fisiche. Per questi motivi, è sembrata essere un candidato ideale per questo studio, come confermato da un’analisi cluster preliminare, che ha raggruppato i pesticidi considerando 3 proprietà chimico-fisiche. Ho inoltre condotto un'ulteriore meta-analisi delle condizioni operative per i test di adsorbimento dei pesticidi sulla base dei dati di letteratura, per capire se l'Atrazina potesse prevedere anche il comportamento di adsorbimento di altri composti. È stata eseguita un'analisi cluster sulle condizioni operative di adsorbimento e all'interno del cluster con il maggior numero di dati e con condizioni operative più realistiche è stata confrontata la distribuzione delle capacità di adsorbimento dell'Atrazina con quella di altri pesticidi con proprietà simili. Anche se le distribuzioni sembravano graficamente simili, non lo erano statisticamente. Ciò può essere attribuito al fatto che un ruolo cruciale nei risultati dell'analisi è rappresentato dalla differenza nei materiali adsorbenti utilizzati nei diversi gruppi analizzati. Quando confrontate a parità di materiali adsorbenti, queste distribuzioni risultano statisticamente simili, dimostrando che l'Atrazina è un composto modello affidabile per la descrizione dell'adsorbimento di quei pesticidi con proprietà ad essa comparabili, e che l'adsorbimento dipende strettamente dall'interazione tra soluto e adsorbente. Per questo motivo, la seconda parte di questo lavoro si è concentrata su uno studio approfondito dell'interazione tra Atrazina, suoi derivati e diversi materiali adsorbenti a base di cellulosa. Ho introdotto gruppi lipofili e idrofili sul nucleo triazinico dell'Atrazina e ho prodotto diversi materiali adsorbenti a base di cellulosa, studiando i meccanismi di interazione tra le nuove molecole sintetizzate e i gruppi funzionali presenti sulla superficie del materiale adsorbente. Infine, è stato studiato anche un adsorbente commerciale a base di cellulosa, che ha mostrato prestazioni di adsorbimento molto soddisfacenti sulle molecole testate. Questi ultimi risultati ci hanno permesso di comprendere meglio i meccanismi di interazione tra l'Atrazina e i materiali a base di cellulosa progettati, suggerendo anche un modo per migliorare gli adsorbenti per ottenere rimozioni più efficienti dei pesticidi appartenenti alla categoria ben rappresentata dall'erbicida modello, come avvalorato dallo studio meta-analitico.
Atrazine as a model compound for optimization of cellulose-based adsorbent materials for pesticide water remediation
Lanzanova, Francesca
2022/2023
Abstract
Pesticides contribute to the contamination of water bodies, posing great health risks for both human and environmental biota. Many environmental remediation techniques exist for removing pesticides from water, among which adsorption is widely investigated. Atrazine is one of the most studied compounds in the scientific literature for validating the adsorption efficiency of sorbent materials, and its chemical structure allows for synthetic modifications that introduce functional groups that could modify its chemical-physical properties. For these reasons, it appeared to be an ideal candidate as a model compound, as confirmed by a preliminary cluster analysis, which grouped pesticides by considering 3 chemical-physical properties. I also conducted a further meta-analysis of the operating conditions for pesticide adsorption tests based on literature data, to understand if Atrazine could also predict the adsorption behaviour of other compounds. A cluster analysis of the adsorption operating conditions was performed and within the cluster with the highest amount of data and the most realistic operating conditions, the distribution of Atrazine’s adsorption capacities was compared to that of other pesticides with similar properties. Even though the distributions appeared graphically similar, they were not statistically so. This can be attributed to the fact that a crucial role in the results returned by the analysis is represented by the difference in the adsorbent materials used. In fact, when compared on an equal basis of adsorbent materials, these distributions resulted statistically similar. These results proved that Atrazine is a reliable model for describing adsorption phenomena of a family of pesticides, and that adsorption is strictly dependent on the interaction between solute and sorbent. For this reason, the second part of this work focused on an in-depth study of the interaction between Atrazine, its derivatives, and different cellulose-based adsorbent materials. I introduced lipophilic and hydrophilic groups on the triazine core of Atrazine, and I also produced different cellulose-based adsorbent materials, studying the interaction mechanisms between the new molecules and the functional groups present on the sorbent surface. Lastly, a commercial cellulose-based adsorbent was also investigated, and it showed satisfactory adsorption performances on the tested molecules. These latter results allowed us to better understand the mechanisms of interaction between Atrazine and the designed cellulose-based materials, also suggesting a way to improve the adsorbents to obtain more efficient removals of the category of pesticides well represented by the model herbicide, as corroborated by the meta-analytical study.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/219215