The use of composite materials is increasing in several industrial sectors, since they can provide durable lightweight structures with excellent mechanical properties. The increased use of composite materials leads to a higher amount of production waste as well as End- of-Life waste. For a long time, such waste has been disposed in landflills or incinerated, with negative effects on the environment. Legislation is now pushing towards reuse and recycling of those materials. Due to their nature, recycling composite materials can be a challenging task, especially in the case of thermoset matrix composites, since thermoset polymers can’t be reshaped or remoulded even at high temperatures. This thesis is focused on the evaluation of some possible recycling alternatives for the manhole covers produced by Polieco, which are made of glass fibre reinforced thermoset polyurethane. Starting from mechanical recycling, which is the most commonly adopted process in the case of thermoset matrix composites, the recyclate obtained after grinding was analysed thoroughly. The products were characterised in terms of glass fibre content through a thermogravimetric analysis followed by resin burn-off tests. Then the shapes and dimen- sions of the particles were measured, and a sorting procedure was adopted to separate the coarser fractions of the recyclate from the finer ones. Finally, the recyclate was observed through a scanning electron microscope. After the characterisation of the recyclate from mechanical recycling, a novel solvolysis method for recycling the same composite material was tested, namely glycolysis. Differ- ent experiments were carried out with the aim of separating the clean fibres from the recycled polyol, which can then be used in the formulation of a new polyurethane resin. The obtained glass fibres were then observed through scanning electron microscopy. Lastly, the framework for quality of recycling developed by the JRC was implemented in order to compare mechanical recycling and glycolysis. While mechanical recycling is a valid alternative to landfilling or incineration, glycolysis proved to be a very promising recycling method, since it can allow the recovery of both fibres and precursors of the matrix.
L’utilizzo di materiali compositi è in crescita in diversi settori industriali, poiché questi materiali sono in grado di fornire soluzioni leggere e durature, con ottime proprietà mec- caniche. Il maggior utilizzo di materiali compositi porta a un aumento degli scarti di produzione e di prodotti a fine vita. Questi rifiuti sono stati a lungo smaltiti in dis- cariche o inceneriti, con ripercussioni sull’ambiente. Le nuove leggi puntano sempre più sul riutilizzo e sul riciclo di tali materiali. A causa della loro natura, il riciclo di materiali compositi può essere complesso, in particolar modo nel caso di compositi a matrice ter- moindurente, poiché i polimeri termoindurenti non possono essere rimodellati nemmeno ad alte temperature. Questa tesi ha l’obiettivo di valutare alcune possibili alternative per il riciclo dei chiusini prodotti da Polieco, costituiti da poliuretano termoindurente rinforzato con fibre di vetro. Partendo dal riciclo meccanico, che è il processo più comunemente adottato nel caso di compositi a matrice termoindurente, il materiale riciclato ottenuto dalla macinazione è stato analizzato a fondo. I prodotti sono stati caratterizzati in termini di contenuto di fibre attraverso un’analisi termogravimetrica, seguita da prove di calcinazione della resina. Dopodiché, le forme e le dimensioni del materiale riciclato sono state misurate, e la frazione grossolana è stata separata da quella fine attraverso delle setacciature. Infine, il materiale riciclato è stato osservato attraverso un microscopio elettronico a scansione. Dopo la caratterizzazione del materiale ottenuto tramite riciclo meccanico, un nuovo metodo di solvolisi è stato sperimentato: la glicolisi. Diversi esperimenti sono stati con- dotti nel tentativo di separare le fibre pulite dal poliolo riciclato, che potrà poi essere usato nella formulazione di una nuova resina poliuretanica. Le fibre di vetro così ottenute sono state poi osservate tramite un microscopio elettronico a scansione. Infine, il "framework for quality of recycling" proposto dal JRC è stato applicato per confrontare il riciclo meccanico e la glicolisi. Mentre il riciclo meccanico risulta un’ottima alternativa alla discarica o all’incenerimento, la glicolisi ha dimostrato di essere un metodo di riciclo molto promettente, dato che permette il recupero sia delle fibre che dei precursori della matrice.
Mechanical and chemical recycling of glass fibre reinforced polyurethane manhole covers
Lamperti, Riccardo
2022/2023
Abstract
The use of composite materials is increasing in several industrial sectors, since they can provide durable lightweight structures with excellent mechanical properties. The increased use of composite materials leads to a higher amount of production waste as well as End- of-Life waste. For a long time, such waste has been disposed in landflills or incinerated, with negative effects on the environment. Legislation is now pushing towards reuse and recycling of those materials. Due to their nature, recycling composite materials can be a challenging task, especially in the case of thermoset matrix composites, since thermoset polymers can’t be reshaped or remoulded even at high temperatures. This thesis is focused on the evaluation of some possible recycling alternatives for the manhole covers produced by Polieco, which are made of glass fibre reinforced thermoset polyurethane. Starting from mechanical recycling, which is the most commonly adopted process in the case of thermoset matrix composites, the recyclate obtained after grinding was analysed thoroughly. The products were characterised in terms of glass fibre content through a thermogravimetric analysis followed by resin burn-off tests. Then the shapes and dimen- sions of the particles were measured, and a sorting procedure was adopted to separate the coarser fractions of the recyclate from the finer ones. Finally, the recyclate was observed through a scanning electron microscope. After the characterisation of the recyclate from mechanical recycling, a novel solvolysis method for recycling the same composite material was tested, namely glycolysis. Differ- ent experiments were carried out with the aim of separating the clean fibres from the recycled polyol, which can then be used in the formulation of a new polyurethane resin. The obtained glass fibres were then observed through scanning electron microscopy. Lastly, the framework for quality of recycling developed by the JRC was implemented in order to compare mechanical recycling and glycolysis. While mechanical recycling is a valid alternative to landfilling or incineration, glycolysis proved to be a very promising recycling method, since it can allow the recovery of both fibres and precursors of the matrix.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2024_03_Lamperti_Thesis_01.pdf
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Descrizione: Testo della tesi
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2024_03_Lamperti_Executive_Summary_02.pdf
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Descrizione: Executive summary
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/219283