Bulk moulding compound (BMC) and sheet moulding compound (SMC) are thermosetting composites, they represent the largest market share in the glass fibre reinforced plastics (GFRP) market due to their wide application in the automotive, construction and electrical equipment sector. Notably these composites are present in the waste of electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), which is claimed to be one of the fastest-growing waste streams. In Europe, the common strategies for the disposal of plastics from WEEE encompass incineration, landfilling, and exportation to extra-EU countries, all of which have been identified to have large environmental impacts. For this reason, there is a need to explore recycling methods that can valorise the composite components and mitigate the environmental footprint associated with their disposal. This research aims to compare the environmental impact of various end-of-life (EoL) treatment for waste BMC via a comprehensive Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The analysis considers nine scenarios, including the current disposal practices alongside thermal, chemical, and mechanical recycling processes. The scenarios are modelled in the LCA software SimaPro©, relying on primary data from experimental test, and secondary data from literature and Ecoinvent 3.9.1 database. A crediting approach through avoided burdens was applied to address the multifunctionality of the scenarios. A pivotal aspect of this assessment involves determining the substitution ratio of valuable products, based on the quality of the recyclates relative to their virgin counterpart. The findings reveal that mechanical recycling stands out as the EoL treatment with the lowest environmental impact, particularly when the glass fibres and flame retardants are recovered. Pyrolysis also yielded promising outcomes, while solvolysis proved to be the most impactful process for most of the key impact categories. Also, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to examine the deviation of LCA results by varying substitution ratio, thus enhancing the robustness of the results. This analysis demonstrated that regardless of the approach substitution ratio, mechanical recycling and pyrolysis resulted as the best scenarios. It was concluded that all the considered EoL treatments, except for chemical recycling, are less environmentally harmful than the present waste treatment system in Europe.
Il Bulk Moulding Compound (BMC) e lo Sheet Moulding Compound (SMC) sono materiali compositi a matrice termoindurente rinforzati con fibra di vetro. In questa classe di materiali, rappresentano la quota di mercato maggiore grazie al loro ampio utilizzo nel settore automobilistico, edile e delle apparecchiature elettriche. In particolare, il loro impiego nel settore elettrico fa sì che BMC e SMC siano spesso presenti nei rifiuti di apparecchiature elettriche ed elettroniche (RAEE), considerati uno dei flussi di rifiuti a più rapida crescita. In Europa, le strategie comuni per lo smaltimento della plastica proveniente da RAEE comprendono incenerimento, conferimento a discarica ed esportazione verso paesi extra-UE, tutte soluzioni caratterizzate da un forte impatto ambientale. Per questo motivo, è necessario esplorare metodi di riciclo che possano valorizzare i componenti dei compositi e mitigare l'impronta ecologica associata al loro smaltimento. Questa ricerca si propone di confrontare l'impatto ambientale di diversi trattamenti di fine vita (EoL) per i rifiuti di BMC attraverso un'analisi del ciclo di vita (LCA) completa. L'analisi considera nove scenari, comprese le attuali pratiche di smaltimento, nonché i processi di riciclo termico, chimico e meccanico. Gli scenari vengono modellati nel software LCA SimaPro ©, basandosi su dati primari provenienti da test sperimentali e dati secondari da letteratura e dal database Ecoinvent 3.9.1. Per risolvere la multifunzionalità degli scenari è stato applicato un approccio di espansione di sistema basato sugli impatti evitati. Un aspetto fondamentale di questa valutazione è la determinazione del rapporto di sostituzione di prodotti di valore, in base alla qualità dei materiali riciclati rispetto alle loro controparti vergini. I risultati rivelano che il riciclo meccanico si distingue come il trattamento di fine vita con il più basso impatto ambientale, in particolare quando vengono recuperate le fibre di vetro e i ritardanti di fiamma. Anche la pirolisi ha fornito risultati promettenti, mentre la solvolisi si è dimostrata il processo con il maggior impatto per la maggior parte delle categorie di impatto analizzate. Inoltre, è stata condotta un'analisi di sensibilità per esaminare la deviazione dei risultati dell'LCA variando il rapporto di sostituzione, migliorando così la robustezza dei risultati. Tale analisi ha dimostrato che, indipendentemente dal rapporto di sostituzione, il riciclo meccanico e la pirolisi risultano essere gli scenari migliori. In conclusione, tutti i trattamenti di fine vita considerati, ad eccezione del riciclo chimico, risultano essere meno dannosi per l'ambiente rispetto all'attuale sistema di trattamento dei rifiuti in Europa.
Comparative life cycle assessment of end-of-life treatment technologies for Bulk Moulding Compound
Romero Arias, Isabella
2022/2023
Abstract
Bulk moulding compound (BMC) and sheet moulding compound (SMC) are thermosetting composites, they represent the largest market share in the glass fibre reinforced plastics (GFRP) market due to their wide application in the automotive, construction and electrical equipment sector. Notably these composites are present in the waste of electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), which is claimed to be one of the fastest-growing waste streams. In Europe, the common strategies for the disposal of plastics from WEEE encompass incineration, landfilling, and exportation to extra-EU countries, all of which have been identified to have large environmental impacts. For this reason, there is a need to explore recycling methods that can valorise the composite components and mitigate the environmental footprint associated with their disposal. This research aims to compare the environmental impact of various end-of-life (EoL) treatment for waste BMC via a comprehensive Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The analysis considers nine scenarios, including the current disposal practices alongside thermal, chemical, and mechanical recycling processes. The scenarios are modelled in the LCA software SimaPro©, relying on primary data from experimental test, and secondary data from literature and Ecoinvent 3.9.1 database. A crediting approach through avoided burdens was applied to address the multifunctionality of the scenarios. A pivotal aspect of this assessment involves determining the substitution ratio of valuable products, based on the quality of the recyclates relative to their virgin counterpart. The findings reveal that mechanical recycling stands out as the EoL treatment with the lowest environmental impact, particularly when the glass fibres and flame retardants are recovered. Pyrolysis also yielded promising outcomes, while solvolysis proved to be the most impactful process for most of the key impact categories. Also, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to examine the deviation of LCA results by varying substitution ratio, thus enhancing the robustness of the results. This analysis demonstrated that regardless of the approach substitution ratio, mechanical recycling and pyrolysis resulted as the best scenarios. It was concluded that all the considered EoL treatments, except for chemical recycling, are less environmentally harmful than the present waste treatment system in Europe.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2024_04_RomeroArias_Thesis_Article_02.pdf
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Descrizione: Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of End-of-Life Treatment Technologies for Bulk Moulding Compound
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Descrizione: Executive Summary of the thesis Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of End-of-Life Treatment Technologies for Bulk Moulding Compound
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/219360