The following is a study on the chemical characteristics of nine different types of low-clinker cements, a new class of cementitious materials, as part of a larger study on their properties. The SQ, PL, S, SP, SL, QL and P cements had been used to produce concrete samples, cured for 28 days, while cement paste samples, cured for 7 days, were realized with the cements SQ, PL, S, L, SL, Q and P. A sample for each concrete type was subjected to carbonation, while two chlorides quantities, equal to 0.4% and 1% of the cement mass, were added to a sample each for the concretes SQ, PL, SP, SL, QL and P. All samples, together with a sample for aggregate type in the concretes, were subjected to pH analysis and ion chromatography to measure their contents of anions in terms of Cl- and SO42-. A selected list of concretes, pastes and aggregates samples were analyzed by ICP, to measure their content of Ca2+, Na+, Al3+ and Si4+. The measured contents of each ion were compared with the theoretical values calculated from the cements compositions. All the pH values fall in a narrow range. The more alkaline paste was the type P, while the less alkaline was the type SQ. For the concretes, the most alkaline was the type QL, which also underwent the greatest pH drop with carbonation, while the least alkaline was the PL type, which also underwent the lowest pH drop. The measured chlorides content was in good agreement with the predicted one, while sulphates determination proved less reliable. Experimental data and theoretical predictions agree on the concrete SL having the lowest sulphates content, while for the highest content there are conflicting data. The pastes with the highest and the lowest sulphates content were the Q and SL respectively, though their contents did not coincide with the predictions. Attempts were made to increase the precision of sulphate quantification by exploring different sample preparations, including an ultrasound bath, obtaining mixed results. All cation analyses have shown a non-negligible contribution by the aggregates. Measured calcium content was always greater than expected, except where chlorides were present. Sodium content was higher than expected except for the cement pastes Q and L. Aluminum content was higher than expected for the concretes and lower than expected for the pastes. Finally, measured silicon content was always lower than predicted, probably due to an extraction efficiency lower than the 100% found for the other species of interest.
Il seguente è uno studio sulle caratteristiche chimiche di nove tipi di cementi a basso clinker, una nuova classe di materiali cementizi, facente parte di uno studio più vasto sulle loro proprietà. I cementi SQ, PL, S, SP, SL, QL e P erano stati precedentemente usati per produrre getti in calcestruzzo, stagionati 28 giorni, mentre i cementi SQ, PL, S, L, SL, Q e P sono stati usati per produrre delle paste cementizie, stagionate per sette giorni. Un campione per tipo di calcestruzzo è stato sottoposto a carbonatazione, mentre due diverse quantità di cloruri, equivalenti a 0.4% e 1% della massa di cemento, sono state aggiunte a campioni dei calcestruzzi SQ, S, SP, SL, QL e P. Tutti i campioni, assieme ad un campione per tipo di aggregato usato nei calcestruzzi, sono stati sottoposti a misurazione del pH e cromatografia ionica, al fine di determinarne il contenuto di Cl- e SO42-. Campioni scelti di calcestruzzi, paste cementizie e aggregati sono stati soggetti ad analisi ICP, al fine di determinarne il contenuto di Ca2+, Na+, Al3+, Si4+. I valori misurati per tutti gli ioni sono stati confrontati con quelli calcolati dalla composizione di ogni cemento. I valori di pH misurati cadono tutti in un raggio ristretto. La pasta P è risultata la più alcalina, mentre la SQ la meno. Tra i calcestruzzi il più alcalino è risultato il QL, che ha anche il maggior calo nel pH dopo la carbonatazione, mentre il meno alcalino è il PL, che ha subito il calo di pH minore. Il valore di cloruri misurato è risultato in buon accordo con i valori teorici, mentre l’accordo è risultato minore per i solfati. Il calcestruzzo SL ha il minor contenuto di solfati, mentre dati discordanti indicano alternativamente i calcestruzzi SP e QL come aventi il contenuto maggiore. Le paste con il maggiore e minore contenuto di solfati sono rispettivamente la Q e la SL, ma i valori misurati non coincidono con quelli teorici. Sono stati fatti dei tentativi di migliorare l’affidabilità della misurazione dei solfati sciogliendo un campione di calcestruzzo con un bagno a ultrasuoni e sostituendo l’acido usato per sciogliere le paste, ottenendo risultati misti. Le analisi sui cationi hanno mostrato un contributo non trascurabile degli aggregati nel calcestruzzo. Il contenuto di calcio è sempre risultato superiore alle attese, tranne in presenza di cloruri. Il sodio è sempre stato rilevato in quantità superiori al previsto, tranne che per le paste L e Q. Il contenuto misurato di alluminio è risultato maggiore delle previsioni per i calcestruzzi e minore delle previsioni per le paste cementizie, probabilmente a causa della loro cinetica di idratazione e del diverso tempo di stagionatura. Infine, il contenuto misurato di silicio è risultato sempre minore di quanto ipotizzato, probabilmente per una scarsa efficienza di estrazione.
Chemical characterization of low-clinker cements
MUCI, STEFANO
2022/2023
Abstract
The following is a study on the chemical characteristics of nine different types of low-clinker cements, a new class of cementitious materials, as part of a larger study on their properties. The SQ, PL, S, SP, SL, QL and P cements had been used to produce concrete samples, cured for 28 days, while cement paste samples, cured for 7 days, were realized with the cements SQ, PL, S, L, SL, Q and P. A sample for each concrete type was subjected to carbonation, while two chlorides quantities, equal to 0.4% and 1% of the cement mass, were added to a sample each for the concretes SQ, PL, SP, SL, QL and P. All samples, together with a sample for aggregate type in the concretes, were subjected to pH analysis and ion chromatography to measure their contents of anions in terms of Cl- and SO42-. A selected list of concretes, pastes and aggregates samples were analyzed by ICP, to measure their content of Ca2+, Na+, Al3+ and Si4+. The measured contents of each ion were compared with the theoretical values calculated from the cements compositions. All the pH values fall in a narrow range. The more alkaline paste was the type P, while the less alkaline was the type SQ. For the concretes, the most alkaline was the type QL, which also underwent the greatest pH drop with carbonation, while the least alkaline was the PL type, which also underwent the lowest pH drop. The measured chlorides content was in good agreement with the predicted one, while sulphates determination proved less reliable. Experimental data and theoretical predictions agree on the concrete SL having the lowest sulphates content, while for the highest content there are conflicting data. The pastes with the highest and the lowest sulphates content were the Q and SL respectively, though their contents did not coincide with the predictions. Attempts were made to increase the precision of sulphate quantification by exploring different sample preparations, including an ultrasound bath, obtaining mixed results. All cation analyses have shown a non-negligible contribution by the aggregates. Measured calcium content was always greater than expected, except where chlorides were present. Sodium content was higher than expected except for the cement pastes Q and L. Aluminum content was higher than expected for the concretes and lower than expected for the pastes. Finally, measured silicon content was always lower than predicted, probably due to an extraction efficiency lower than the 100% found for the other species of interest.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2024_09_Muci_Executive Summary.pdf
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2024_09_Muci_Thesis.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/219500