Organic field-effect transistors (OFET) have recently attracted much attention for their potential to be flexible, solution processable and lightweight, in contrast to conventional silicon-based electronics. Utilization of polymers in OFETs impart the possibility of functionalization for different purposes. Integrating molecular switches within the OFETs is one way to introduce additional functionalities. Spiropyran is a molecular switch that undergoes reversible isomerization by irradiation of UV light and the resulting isomer is called merocyanine. thermal annealing can be used to switch back to spiropyran. The dipole moment of merocyanine is approximately twice the dipole moment of spiropyran which makes it a promising molecular switch to be integrated within the OFET. Spiropyran has an alkyl chain which is attached to the five-membered ring of the indoline moiety group. In this work, spiropyrans with alkyl chains of variable lengths (i.e. C1, C4, C10 and C16) were integrated within OFETs by blending them with poly (methyl methacrylate) to be used as the gate dielectric. This study investigated how the isomerization of spiropyran affects charge transport and the performance of OFETs, with a detailed focus on the impact of the alkyl side chain’s length. UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy of the films containing PMMA and the switch molecules confirmed the reversible switching between spiropyran and merocyanine states. Furthermore, incorporation of switch molecules within the dielectric layer of capacitors and detailed analysis by impedance spectroscopy showed that the dielectric constant values were increased by UV irradiation and decreased by thermal annealing. Ultimately, integration of switch molecules in the OFETs gate insulator layer was performed. The transistor characteristics could be reversibly switched between two electronic states. The drain on-current in the saturation regime of the OFETs containing spiropyran-1 and spiropyran-4 increased with thermal annealing and decreased with UV irradiation, which is opposite to the trend in their dielectric constant. Hence, energetic disorder of the semiconductor’s transport states due to the switch molecules which are present at the interface was postulated as the main cause of the observed switching of transistor parameters. OFETs containing spiropyran-10 and spiropyran-16 showed an opposite trend with respect to spiropyran-1 and spiropyran-4, for which it was hypothesized that the longer side chains of the switch molecules have led to their aggregation.
I transistor organici a effetto di campo (OFET) hanno recentemente attirato molta attenzione per il loro potenziale di flessibilità, processabilità e leggerezza, in contrasto con l'elettronica convenzionale basata sul silicio. L'utilizzo di polimeri negli OFET conferisce la possibilità di funzionalizzazione per scopi diversi. L'integrazione di interruttori molecolari all'interno degli OFET è un modo per introdurre funzionalità aggiuntive. Lo spiropirano è un interruttore molecolare che subisce isomerizzazione reversibile mediante irradiazione di luce UV e l'isomero risultante è chiamato merocianina. la ricottura termica può essere utilizzata per tornare allo spiropirano. Il momento dipolare della merocianina è circa il doppio del momento dipolare dello spiropirano, il che lo rende un promettente interruttore molecolare da integrare all'interno dell'OFET. Lo spiropirano ha una catena alchilica attaccata all'anello a cinque membri del gruppo indoline. In questo lavoro, gli spiropirani con catene alchiliche di lunghezza variabile (cioè C1, C4, C10 e C16) sono stati integrati all'interno degli OFET miscelandoli con poli (metil metacrilato) da utilizzare come dielettrico di gate. Questo studio ha studiato come l'isomerizzazione dello spiropirano influisce sul trasporto di carica e sulle prestazioni degli OFET, con un focus dettagliato sull'impatto della lunghezza della catena laterale alchilica. La spettroscopia di assorbimento UV/Vis dei film contenenti PMMA e delle molecole di commutazione ha confermato il passaggio reversibile tra gli stati spiropirano e merocianina. Inoltre, l'incorporazione di molecole di commutazione all'interno dello strato dielettrico dei condensatori e l'analisi dettagliata mediante spettroscopia di impedenza hanno mostrato che i valori della costante dielettrica venivano aumentati dall'irradiazione UV e diminuiti dalla ricottura termica. Infine, è stata eseguita l'integrazione delle molecole di commutazione nello strato isolante del gate degli OFET. Le caratteristiche del transistor potrebbero essere commutate in modo reversibile tra due stati elettronici. La corrente di assorbimento degli OFET contenenti spiropiran-1 e spiropiran-4 è aumentata con la ricottura termica e diminuita con l'irradiazione UV, che è opposta alla tendenza della loro costante dielettrica. Pertanto, il disordine energetico degli stati di trasporto del semiconduttore dovuto alle molecole di commutazione presenti sull’interfaccia è stato ipotizzato come la causa principale della commutazione osservata dei parametri dei transistor. Gli OFET contenenti spiropyran-10 e spiropyran-16 hanno mostrato un andamento opposto rispetto a spiropyran-1 e spiropyran-4, per i quali si è ipotizzato che le catene laterali più lunghe delle molecole switch abbiano portato alla loro aggregazione.
Reversible switching of spiropyran: PMMA blend dielectrics for light-gated organic transistors
DERAKHSHANFAR, PARHAM
2023/2024
Abstract
Organic field-effect transistors (OFET) have recently attracted much attention for their potential to be flexible, solution processable and lightweight, in contrast to conventional silicon-based electronics. Utilization of polymers in OFETs impart the possibility of functionalization for different purposes. Integrating molecular switches within the OFETs is one way to introduce additional functionalities. Spiropyran is a molecular switch that undergoes reversible isomerization by irradiation of UV light and the resulting isomer is called merocyanine. thermal annealing can be used to switch back to spiropyran. The dipole moment of merocyanine is approximately twice the dipole moment of spiropyran which makes it a promising molecular switch to be integrated within the OFET. Spiropyran has an alkyl chain which is attached to the five-membered ring of the indoline moiety group. In this work, spiropyrans with alkyl chains of variable lengths (i.e. C1, C4, C10 and C16) were integrated within OFETs by blending them with poly (methyl methacrylate) to be used as the gate dielectric. This study investigated how the isomerization of spiropyran affects charge transport and the performance of OFETs, with a detailed focus on the impact of the alkyl side chain’s length. UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy of the films containing PMMA and the switch molecules confirmed the reversible switching between spiropyran and merocyanine states. Furthermore, incorporation of switch molecules within the dielectric layer of capacitors and detailed analysis by impedance spectroscopy showed that the dielectric constant values were increased by UV irradiation and decreased by thermal annealing. Ultimately, integration of switch molecules in the OFETs gate insulator layer was performed. The transistor characteristics could be reversibly switched between two electronic states. The drain on-current in the saturation regime of the OFETs containing spiropyran-1 and spiropyran-4 increased with thermal annealing and decreased with UV irradiation, which is opposite to the trend in their dielectric constant. Hence, energetic disorder of the semiconductor’s transport states due to the switch molecules which are present at the interface was postulated as the main cause of the observed switching of transistor parameters. OFETs containing spiropyran-10 and spiropyran-16 showed an opposite trend with respect to spiropyran-1 and spiropyran-4, for which it was hypothesized that the longer side chains of the switch molecules have led to their aggregation.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/219807