Waterborne dispersion coatings (DCs) allow lower dry coat grammages and broader coating application technologies against extrusion coating and lamination. This study tested highly crosslinked styrene-butadiene formulations filled with platy pigments (i.e., kaolin and talc) at multiple latex-to-filler ratios. Commercially available products were also tested to represent the current state-of-the-art. Coatings were single- or double-layer rod-coated on paper and paperboard substrates. Due to kaolin nature, the water barrier properties of the developed formulations were limited, yet moisture and grease barrier properties achieved remarkable results. The substrate affected the overall performance, with smoother substrates showing lower absorption/permeation. The best-performing grade achieved <1 g/m2 and ~20 g/(m2∙day) for water and moisture barrier, respectively, similar to PET extrusion-coated substrates. Increasing filler content reduced the heat-seal ability of experimental coating. Dispersion coatings heat-sealed at temperatures as low as 80 °C. Substrate anisotropy made the substrate less prone to fold cracking along the machine direction – producing a cracked area up to 60 % lower than along the cross-direction. The outside orientation of the coating does the opposite due to the tensile stresses involved, further eased by increasing kaolin content; however, the latex softness reduced the damage extent. Paperboard creasing at 0.08−0.12 mm residual crease depths provided intact coatings except for the highest latex Tg grade (Tg>Tamb). The low-Tg latex of some experimental coatings (Tg ≅ 0 °C) resisted regardless of the high kaolin content. Tray forming at industrial parameters required 4.5−5.0 % blank humidity content. By decreasing speed and reducing blank holding force, processing-induced coating defects were minimized, yet negatively impacting production rate and flank smoothness. The visual and tactile sensorial properties reinforce the crucial role of aesthetic properties in influencing end consumers’ sorting actions: matte and rough coatings helped with paper-like material perception. Recycling tests for UNI 11743:2019 showed that macrostickies represented the main limitation whereas the samples obtained among the highest achievable scores for Cepi v.2. A higher kaolin content reduced the macrostickies’ equivalent area, coherently with heat-sealing results. DCs might be used for short-term food-contact applications, aiming to reduce the non-cellulosic content of the packaging. Their use should not require high-barrier performance. Dispersion-coated substrates withstood moderate stresses induced by folding and creasing; however, the severe stresses involved in paperboard press-forming highlighted that DCs may not currently compete against more than two-fold thick extrusion-coated counterparts. For the whole food packaging sector, regardless of the coating technology, the main threat (and opportunity) is currently represented by the evolution of national and international regulations.
Le dispersioni polimeriche a base acqua (DC) consentono ridotte grammature a secco e maggiori tecnologie di applicazione rispetto a applicazione per estrusione e laminazione. In questo studio sono state testate formulazioni di stirene-butadiene altamente reticolate caricate con pigmenti lamellari (caolino e talco) in diversi rapporti lattice-pigmento. Sono stati, inoltre, testati prodotti disponibili in commercio per rappresentare l'attuale stato dell'arte. I prodotti sono stati applicati su substrati cellulosici (carta e cartoncino) mediante rod coating. A causa della natura del caolino, le proprietà di barriera all’acqua delle formulazioni sperimentali sono risultate limitate; di contro, la barriera all’umidità e al grasso sono risultate notevoli. Le prestazioni barriera complessive sono state influenzate positivamente dal grado di liscio del substrato, mostrando una permeazione inferiore. Il grado che ha ottenuto le prestazioni più elevate ha raggiunto <1 g/m2 e ~20 g/(m2∙giorno) per la barriera all'acqua e all'umidità, rispettivamente, similarmente ai substrati rivestiti per estrusione di PET. Contenuti crescenti di pigmento hanno ridotto la termosaldabilità dei rivestimenti sperimentali. Le DC possono essere termosaldate anche a basse temperature, i.e., 80 °C. L'anisotropia del substrato ha reso il substrato meno incline a fessurarsi lungo la direzione macchina quando sottoposto a piega, riducendo anche del 60% la superficie fessurata rispetto ad una piega ad essa ortogonale. Sempre a piega, l’orientamento esterno del rivestimento comporta una riduzione della resistenza alla piega a causa degli sforzi a trazione; similarmente, un contenuto crescente di caolino comporta un infragilimento del rivestimento. Tuttavia, basse Tg del lattice riducono l'entità del danno. La cordonatura del cartoncino – profondità di cordonatura residua di 0.08-0.12 mm – non ha indotto difetti nei rivestimenti ad eccezione del prodotto caratterizzato da una Tg > Tamb. La Tg ≅ 0 °C dei rivestimenti sperimentali ha garantito la resistenza nonostante l’elevato contenuto di caolino. La formatura di vaschette ha richiesto un contenuto di umidità del fustellato nell’ordine del 4.5−5.0%. Ridotte velocità di formatura e della forza di tenuta del fustellato riducono i difetti del rivestimento, ma impattano negativamente sulla capacità produttiva e sulla qualità della flangia. Lo studio ha mostrato come le proprietà sensoriali visive e tattili rafforzino il ruolo delle proprietà estetiche in relazione alle azioni di smistamento dei consumatori finali: rivestimenti opachi e ruvidi aiutano la percezione cellulosica del materiale rivestito. I test di riciclo secondo la UNI 11743:2019 evidenziano come potenziali macrostickies riducano riciclabilità; di contro, il metodo Cepi v.2 ha fornito risultati vicini ai massimi ottenibili. Coerentemente con i risultati della termosaldatura, contenuti crescenti di caolino riducono i macrostickies misurati. Le DC sono adatte per applicazioni food-contact a breve termine, permettendo una riduzione del contenuto non cellulosico dell’imballaggio. Ciononostante, il loro utilizzo non sembra adatto per applicazioni ad alta prestazione barriera. I substrati rivestiti resistono a sollecitazioni moderate indotte da piegature e cordonature; tuttavia, le forti sollecitazioni della formatura di vaschette evidenziano come attualmente le DC non sembrino in grado di competere con tecnologie di estrusione (sebbene queste ultime abbiano uno spessore più che doppio). Indipendentemente dalla tecnologia di rivestimento, la principale minaccia (e opportunità) per l’intero settore dell’imballaggio alimentare è rappresentata dall’evoluzione delle direttive e dei regolamenti nazionali e internazionali.
Fibre-based packaging and dispersion coatings : investigation on the barrier, converting, recyclability, and sensorial properties
Marinelli, Andrea
2023/2024
Abstract
Waterborne dispersion coatings (DCs) allow lower dry coat grammages and broader coating application technologies against extrusion coating and lamination. This study tested highly crosslinked styrene-butadiene formulations filled with platy pigments (i.e., kaolin and talc) at multiple latex-to-filler ratios. Commercially available products were also tested to represent the current state-of-the-art. Coatings were single- or double-layer rod-coated on paper and paperboard substrates. Due to kaolin nature, the water barrier properties of the developed formulations were limited, yet moisture and grease barrier properties achieved remarkable results. The substrate affected the overall performance, with smoother substrates showing lower absorption/permeation. The best-performing grade achieved <1 g/m2 and ~20 g/(m2∙day) for water and moisture barrier, respectively, similar to PET extrusion-coated substrates. Increasing filler content reduced the heat-seal ability of experimental coating. Dispersion coatings heat-sealed at temperatures as low as 80 °C. Substrate anisotropy made the substrate less prone to fold cracking along the machine direction – producing a cracked area up to 60 % lower than along the cross-direction. The outside orientation of the coating does the opposite due to the tensile stresses involved, further eased by increasing kaolin content; however, the latex softness reduced the damage extent. Paperboard creasing at 0.08−0.12 mm residual crease depths provided intact coatings except for the highest latex Tg grade (Tg>Tamb). The low-Tg latex of some experimental coatings (Tg ≅ 0 °C) resisted regardless of the high kaolin content. Tray forming at industrial parameters required 4.5−5.0 % blank humidity content. By decreasing speed and reducing blank holding force, processing-induced coating defects were minimized, yet negatively impacting production rate and flank smoothness. The visual and tactile sensorial properties reinforce the crucial role of aesthetic properties in influencing end consumers’ sorting actions: matte and rough coatings helped with paper-like material perception. Recycling tests for UNI 11743:2019 showed that macrostickies represented the main limitation whereas the samples obtained among the highest achievable scores for Cepi v.2. A higher kaolin content reduced the macrostickies’ equivalent area, coherently with heat-sealing results. DCs might be used for short-term food-contact applications, aiming to reduce the non-cellulosic content of the packaging. Their use should not require high-barrier performance. Dispersion-coated substrates withstood moderate stresses induced by folding and creasing; however, the severe stresses involved in paperboard press-forming highlighted that DCs may not currently compete against more than two-fold thick extrusion-coated counterparts. For the whole food packaging sector, regardless of the coating technology, the main threat (and opportunity) is currently represented by the evolution of national and international regulations.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Andrea Marinelli (2024) - PhD Dissertation.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/220912