Introduction Dementia is a syndrome with about 7 million people affected in Europe and the number is set to double by 2050. About 60-80% of people with dementia have Alzheimer’s disease. The dementia patient is a complex figure because the disease brings serious changes in the cognitive sphere, altering perceptions of the living space. Due to their age and multimorbidity, are one of the most frequent visitors of healthcare facilities, and long-term care in many cases becomes their home. These facilities often do not consider the real needs of the patient who, because of the pathology, relates differently to the environment than other kinds of patients. Research Objective A rethinking of these spaces is now urgent because the role of the built environment on health and well-being is now certain and defined by numerous research but there is a lack of how to assess this relation. There is a need for an experience-based approach, moving from descriptive, based on regulations, to a performance-based approach. The research aims to identify a Framework of the Architectural Features (AF) of the built environment of Long-term care facilities that can have an impact on the health and well-being (H&W) of people with dementia (PwD). These aspects, in this research, become the base for the creation of an assessment tool, weighted and based on Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA), able to evaluate the quality of these spaces. Methodology The study started by analyzing the state of the art (with systematic literature review, best practices, and analysis of existing evaluation tools). Based on these analyses, a framework of the most important FAs was developed, and these are channeled into the evaluation tool. The design process of the assessment tool involved a multidisciplinary group of stakeholders, from medical and technical fields, and patients diagnosed with dementia, to thoroughly understand and consider the needs of the end user. The tool, named Dementia-Responsive Environmental Assessment Measure - Built Environment (DREAM-BE), consists of 3 macro areas, 7 criteria, 24 sub-criteria and 192 indicators. The sub-criteria were weighted with stakeholder involvement. The tool was validated by applying it first to a pilot case study and then to 11 facilities (8 Italian and 3 British). A second version of the tool was developed to analyze projects during the design phase and was applied to two new facility projects for PwD (one in Italy and one in the UK). The application in the UK was made possible during a research period at University College London. This allowed the indicators to be tested and validated in another country with a different health care system. Finally, an observational study was conducted on a sample of patients from two of the evaluated facilities to test the impact of design strategies on health outcomes in residents with dementia. Results Application and testing of the tool on structures revealed several common critical issues and well-established aspects for each building. The application of the revised version on two projects highlighted the scalability of the tool that can be used from the early design stages, and the indicators can serve as guidelines. Regarding the observational study on two structures, the research showed a possible dependence between the quality of the built environment and the implications in users. There were no significant differences in cognitive decline data between the two facilities, however, interesting results emerged regarding improvement in quality of life and depression in the facility that scored best from the application of the DREAM-BE tool. Conclusions The DREAM-BE assessment tool has proven effective in assessing the quality of facilities for PwD. The application of the tool can highlight critical spaces and provide strategies to eliminate them. The tool is a valuable system for both designers to guide them during the design stages and decision makers to identify areas and priorities for facility renovation. The observational study revealed interesting initial data for monitoring the health and well-being of residents. Future development of the research by expanding the number of data would provide a more robust statistical sample and define even more precisely the impacts of different aspects of the built environment.
Introduzione La demenza è una sindrome che coinvolge circa 7 milioni di persone in Europa e il numero è destinato a raddoppiare entro il 2050. Circa il 60-80% delle persone affette da demenza ha la malattia di Alzheimer. Il paziente affetto da demenza è una figura complessa perché la malattia porta a gravi cambiamenti nella sfera cognitiva, alterando le percezioni dello spazio vitale. A causa della loro età e co-morbilità, sono uno dei visitatori più frequenti delle strutture sanitarie, e l'assistenza a lungo termine in molti casi diventa la loro casa. Queste strutture spesso non considerano le reali esigenze del paziente che, a causa della patologia, si rapporta in modo diverso all'ambiente rispetto ad altri tipi di pazienti. Obiettivo della ricerca Un ripensamento di questi spazi è urgente perché è oramai chiaro il ruolo dell'ambiente costruito sulla salute e sul grazie a numerosi studi, ma manca di metodi olistici per valutare questa relazione. C'è bisogno di un approccio basato sull'esperienza, passando da un approccio descrittivo, basato su regolamenti, a un approccio basato sulle prestazioni. La ricerca mira a identificare un Framework delle Caratteristiche Architettoniche (AF) dell'ambiente costruito delle strutture di assistenza a lungo termine che possono avere un impatto sulla salute e sul benessere delle persone affette da demenza (PwD). Questi aspetti, in questa ricerca, diventano la base per la creazione di uno strumento di valutazione, ponderato e basato sull'Analisi Multi-Criteriale (MCA), in grado di valutare la qualità di questi spazi. Metodologia Lo studio è partito dall'analisi della ricerca esistente (con revisione sistematica della letteratura, migliori pratiche e analisi degli strumenti di valutazione esistenti) per comprendere chiaramente lo stato dell'arte. Sulla base di queste analisi, è stato sviluppato un framework delle AF più importanti e queste sono convogliate nello strumento di valutazione. Il processo di progettazione dello strumento di valutazione ha coinvolto un gruppo multidisciplinare di stakeholder, provenienti da ambiti medici e tecnici, e pazienti con diagnosi di demenza, per comprendere e considerare a fondo le esigenze dell'utente finale. Lo strumento Lo strumento, chiamato DREAM-BE (Dementia-Responsive Environmental Assessment Measure - Built Environment), è composto da 3 macroaree, 7 criteri, 24 sotto criteri e 192 indicatori. I sotto criteri sono stati pesati con il coinvolgimento degli stakeholder. Lo strumento è stato validato applicandolo prima a un caso studio pilota e poi a 11 strutture (8 italiane e 3 britanniche). È stata sviluppata una seconda versione dello strumento, per analizzare i progetti durante la fase di progettazione, e è stata applicata a due progetti di nuove strutture per PwD (una in Italia e una nel Regno Unito). L’applicazione in regno unito è stata resa possibile durante un periodo di ricerca presso l'University College di Londra. Questo ha permesso di testare e convalidare gli indicatori in un altro paese con un sistema sanitario diverso. Infine, è stato condotto uno studio osservazionale su un campione di pazienti di due delle strutture valutate, per testare l'impatto delle strategie di progettazione sugli esiti sanitari nei residenti con demenza. Risultati L'applicazione e il test dello strumento sulle strutture hanno evidenziato diverse criticità comuni e aspetti ben consolidati per ogni edificio. L'applicazione della versione rivista su due progetti ha evidenziato la scalabilità dello strumento che può essere utilizzato a partire dalle prime fasi progettuali, e gli indicatori possono fungere da linee guida. Riguardo allo studio osservazionale su due strutture, la ricerca ha evidenziato una possibile dipendenza tra la qualità dell'ambiente costruito e le implicazioni negli utenti. Non sono emerse differenze significative nei dati di declino cognitivo tra le due strutture, sono però emersi risultati interessanti in merito al miglioramento nella qualità della vita e nella depressione nella struttura che ha ottenuto il miglior punteggio dall'applicazione del tool DREAM-BE. Conclusioni Lo strumento di valutazione DREAM-BE si è dimostrato efficace nel valutare la qualità delle strutture per PwD. L'applicazione dello strumento è in grado di evidenziare le criticità degli spazi e di fornire strategie per eliminarle. Lo strumento è un valido sistema sia per i progettisti, per guidarli durante le fasi di progettazione, sia per i decisori, per identificare le aree e le priorità di ristrutturazione delle strutture. Lo studio osservazionale ha rivelato dati iniziali interessanti per il monitoraggio della salute e del benessere dei residenti. Uno sviluppo futuro della ricerca con l'ampliamento del numero di dati permetterebbe di ottenere un campione statistico più robusto e definire in modo ancor più preciso gli impatti dei diversi aspetti dell’ambiente costruito.
Built environment and dementia : experience-based design strategies for Alzheimer's architectures
Mangili, Silvia
2023/2024
Abstract
Introduction Dementia is a syndrome with about 7 million people affected in Europe and the number is set to double by 2050. About 60-80% of people with dementia have Alzheimer’s disease. The dementia patient is a complex figure because the disease brings serious changes in the cognitive sphere, altering perceptions of the living space. Due to their age and multimorbidity, are one of the most frequent visitors of healthcare facilities, and long-term care in many cases becomes their home. These facilities often do not consider the real needs of the patient who, because of the pathology, relates differently to the environment than other kinds of patients. Research Objective A rethinking of these spaces is now urgent because the role of the built environment on health and well-being is now certain and defined by numerous research but there is a lack of how to assess this relation. There is a need for an experience-based approach, moving from descriptive, based on regulations, to a performance-based approach. The research aims to identify a Framework of the Architectural Features (AF) of the built environment of Long-term care facilities that can have an impact on the health and well-being (H&W) of people with dementia (PwD). These aspects, in this research, become the base for the creation of an assessment tool, weighted and based on Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA), able to evaluate the quality of these spaces. Methodology The study started by analyzing the state of the art (with systematic literature review, best practices, and analysis of existing evaluation tools). Based on these analyses, a framework of the most important FAs was developed, and these are channeled into the evaluation tool. The design process of the assessment tool involved a multidisciplinary group of stakeholders, from medical and technical fields, and patients diagnosed with dementia, to thoroughly understand and consider the needs of the end user. The tool, named Dementia-Responsive Environmental Assessment Measure - Built Environment (DREAM-BE), consists of 3 macro areas, 7 criteria, 24 sub-criteria and 192 indicators. The sub-criteria were weighted with stakeholder involvement. The tool was validated by applying it first to a pilot case study and then to 11 facilities (8 Italian and 3 British). A second version of the tool was developed to analyze projects during the design phase and was applied to two new facility projects for PwD (one in Italy and one in the UK). The application in the UK was made possible during a research period at University College London. This allowed the indicators to be tested and validated in another country with a different health care system. Finally, an observational study was conducted on a sample of patients from two of the evaluated facilities to test the impact of design strategies on health outcomes in residents with dementia. Results Application and testing of the tool on structures revealed several common critical issues and well-established aspects for each building. The application of the revised version on two projects highlighted the scalability of the tool that can be used from the early design stages, and the indicators can serve as guidelines. Regarding the observational study on two structures, the research showed a possible dependence between the quality of the built environment and the implications in users. There were no significant differences in cognitive decline data between the two facilities, however, interesting results emerged regarding improvement in quality of life and depression in the facility that scored best from the application of the DREAM-BE tool. Conclusions The DREAM-BE assessment tool has proven effective in assessing the quality of facilities for PwD. The application of the tool can highlight critical spaces and provide strategies to eliminate them. The tool is a valuable system for both designers to guide them during the design stages and decision makers to identify areas and priorities for facility renovation. The observational study revealed interesting initial data for monitoring the health and well-being of residents. Future development of the research by expanding the number of data would provide a more robust statistical sample and define even more precisely the impacts of different aspects of the built environment.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/220952