Track detectors made of PADC (poly allyl diglycol carbonate, also known as CR-39) are one of the best instruments available to perform neutron dosimetry, as demonstrated by widespread adoption among individual monitoring services (IMSs) and sustained interest in ongoing research studies. This work contributes to the enhancement of passive neutron dosimetry with PADC track detectors by (1) enhancing the signal analysis methods, (2) extending the applications of these instruments to novel and/or challenging scenarios, and (3) performing studies to improve the detector material. Concerning the first point, the major accomplishment is the development of a novel track discrimination approach for the Politrack® system. This approach, based on a genetic algorithm, allows to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio of PADC-based fast neutron dosimetry by a factor of about 2. As for the second point, a fast neutron dosimeter built coupling a PADC detector to a 1-cm-thick PMMA radiator and exploiting LET spectrometry was characterized via experiments and Monte Carlo simulations in a variety of situations. The results show that the dosimeter has a rather flat response function in a wide energy and angular range and demonstrate that it is suitable for use in stray neutron fields with neutron energies up to about 1 GeV typical of high-energy particle accelerators. Moreover, a rem counter based on PADC detectors coupled with boron converters (passive LINUS), upgraded using a new converter highly-enriched in B-10 and an algorithm to correct for track superposition, was tested with experiments and benchmark studies showing that it can be effectively used for area monitoring in facilities producing intense and/or pulsed neutron fields such as those produced by recent/emerging technologies like laser-driven particle acceleration and FLASH therapy. In addition, PADC detectors coupled to B-10 films were used to assess neutron contamination in radiotherapy treatments delivered by high-energy LINACs, which is of specific concern for patients wearing cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs). As proved by experimental data and a Monte Carlo model, these instruments allow for precise measurements useful for risk assessment. The third point is addressed through the CR-39 Quality task of EURADOS (European Radiation Dosimetry Group), led by the Politecnico di Milano. The task is conceived as an international collaboration among researchers, IMSs and PADC manufacturers to improve and harmonise neutron dosimetry with CR-39. Although the task is a long-term project, it has already reached significant goals, such as publishing an updated review paper about neutron dosimetry with PADC, which shares best practices contributing to the standardization of this discipline, and carrying out an experimental campaign to characterize various currently available PADC materials providing insights to enhance the PADC material used for neutron dosimetry. The activities presented in this thesis contribute to the advancement of neutron dosimetry techniques and instrumentation, in line with the EURADOS Strategic Research Agenda.
I rilevatori a tracce realizzati con il polimero PADC (poli allil diglicol carbonato, anche noto come CR-39) sono uno dei migliori strumenti disponibili per la dosimetria neutronica, come dimostrato dalla loro vasta diffusione nei servizi di dosimetria personale e dalla continua ricerca su di essi. Questo lavoro contribuisce al miglioramento della dosimetria neutronica passiva con rilevatori in PADC (1) migliorando i metodi di analisi del segnale, (2) estendendo l’applicazione di questi strumenti a scenari nuovi e/o complessi e (3) svolgendo studi per migliorare il materiale del rilevatore. Riguardo il primo punto, il risultato principale è lo sviluppo di un nuovo approccio di discriminazione delle tracce per il sistema Politrack®. Il metodo, basato su un algoritmo genetico, permette di aumentare di un fattore di circa 2 il rapporto segnale-rumore per la dosimetria di neutroni veloci con PADC. Quanto al secondo punto, si è caratterizzato in vari campi neutronici un dosimetro per neutroni veloci costruito accoppiando un rilevatore di PADC ad un radiatore in PMMA spesso 1 cm. Il dosimetro funziona sfruttando la spettrometria in LET. I risultati, basati su esperimenti e simulazioni Monte Carlo, mostrano che il dosimetro ha una funzione di risposta piuttosto piatta in un ampio range energetico ed angolare e provano che esso può essere usato nei tipici campi di neutroni con energia fino a circa 1 GeV prodotti da acceleratori di particelle di alta energia. Inoltre, un rem counter basato su rilevatori in PADC accoppiati a convertitori di boro (LINUS passivo), modificato con nuovo convertitore altamente arricchito in B-10 ed un algoritmo per la correzione della sovrapposizione delle tracce, è stato testato con esperimenti e confronti con altri strumenti, dimostrando che esso può essere efficacemente utilizzato per la dosimetria ambientale in strutture che producono campi neutronici intensi e/o pulsati, come quelli generati da tecnologie recenti o emergenti quali l’accelerazione di particelle tramite laser e la radioterapia FLASH. In aggiunta, rilevatori in PADC accoppiati a film di B-10 sono stati utilizzati per valutare la contaminazione neutronica nei trattamenti radioterapici eseguiti con LINAC ad alta energia, che può essere particolarmente problematica per i pazienti con dispositivi cardiaci elettronici impiantabili (CIED). Come dimostrato da misure e attraverso un modello Monte Carlo, questi strumenti consentono misurazioni precise utili per la valutazione del rischio. Il terzo punto è affrontato attraverso il task CR-39 Quality di EURADOS (European Radiation Dosimetry Group), guidato dal Politecnico di Milano. Il task consiste in una collaborazione internazionale tra ricercatori, servizi di dosimetria e produttori di PADC per migliorare ed armonizzare la dosimetria neutronica con CR-39. Sebbene il task sia un progetto a lungo termine, ha già raggiunto obiettivi significativi, come la pubblicazione di un review paper sulla dosimetria neutronica con PADC, che illustra le buone pratiche contribuendo alla standardizzazione della disciplina, nonché l’esecuzione di una campagna sperimentale per la caratterizzazione di vari materiali PADC attualmente disponibili, che offre spunti per il perfezionamento del PADC usato per la dosimetria neutronica. Le attività presentate in questa tesi contribuiscono al miglioramento delle tecniche e degli strumenti di dosimetria neutronica, in linea con l'Agenda Strategica di Ricerca di EURADOS.
Passive neutron dosimetry with PADC track detectors : novel applications and optimization of individual monitoring
Bolzonella, Matteo
2023/2024
Abstract
Track detectors made of PADC (poly allyl diglycol carbonate, also known as CR-39) are one of the best instruments available to perform neutron dosimetry, as demonstrated by widespread adoption among individual monitoring services (IMSs) and sustained interest in ongoing research studies. This work contributes to the enhancement of passive neutron dosimetry with PADC track detectors by (1) enhancing the signal analysis methods, (2) extending the applications of these instruments to novel and/or challenging scenarios, and (3) performing studies to improve the detector material. Concerning the first point, the major accomplishment is the development of a novel track discrimination approach for the Politrack® system. This approach, based on a genetic algorithm, allows to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio of PADC-based fast neutron dosimetry by a factor of about 2. As for the second point, a fast neutron dosimeter built coupling a PADC detector to a 1-cm-thick PMMA radiator and exploiting LET spectrometry was characterized via experiments and Monte Carlo simulations in a variety of situations. The results show that the dosimeter has a rather flat response function in a wide energy and angular range and demonstrate that it is suitable for use in stray neutron fields with neutron energies up to about 1 GeV typical of high-energy particle accelerators. Moreover, a rem counter based on PADC detectors coupled with boron converters (passive LINUS), upgraded using a new converter highly-enriched in B-10 and an algorithm to correct for track superposition, was tested with experiments and benchmark studies showing that it can be effectively used for area monitoring in facilities producing intense and/or pulsed neutron fields such as those produced by recent/emerging technologies like laser-driven particle acceleration and FLASH therapy. In addition, PADC detectors coupled to B-10 films were used to assess neutron contamination in radiotherapy treatments delivered by high-energy LINACs, which is of specific concern for patients wearing cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs). As proved by experimental data and a Monte Carlo model, these instruments allow for precise measurements useful for risk assessment. The third point is addressed through the CR-39 Quality task of EURADOS (European Radiation Dosimetry Group), led by the Politecnico di Milano. The task is conceived as an international collaboration among researchers, IMSs and PADC manufacturers to improve and harmonise neutron dosimetry with CR-39. Although the task is a long-term project, it has already reached significant goals, such as publishing an updated review paper about neutron dosimetry with PADC, which shares best practices contributing to the standardization of this discipline, and carrying out an experimental campaign to characterize various currently available PADC materials providing insights to enhance the PADC material used for neutron dosimetry. The activities presented in this thesis contribute to the advancement of neutron dosimetry techniques and instrumentation, in line with the EURADOS Strategic Research Agenda.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/221312