The 2015 Paris Agreement and the new European Green Deal of 2019 have highlighted that the fight against climate change is closely dependent on expanding renewable energy production. The European Renewable Energy Directive (RED II) requires member states to identify actions that promote the development of renewable energy sources (RES), emphasizing the importance of environmental protection. In Italy, Legislative Decree 199 of 2021 has defined suitable areas for installing renewable energy plants. Identifying areas of greatest interest for photovoltaic installations is a topic of interest in the literature, with several studies conducted in Italy, particularly in Piedmont and Lazio. However, recent regulatory changes have necessitated a review of the methodologies used so far. The approach presented starts from the current regulations to identify and determine the distribution of suitable areas across the territory. The methodology is fully repeatable and replicable, based entirely on open data and open-source software. This choice of replicability is driven by the interest of various entities in the topic and its developments. These entities will need to define the regulatory aspects to identify these areas according to the criteria established in the implementing decrees of Legislative Decree 199/2021. The suitable areas have been divided into four categories based on their regulatory definition in paragraph 8 of Article 20. For each category, a procedure has been defined to evaluate the effects of constraints on the areas. Additionally, an overall methodology has been established, which includes calculating all defined categories to avoid double counting for areas falling into multiple categories. The most commonly used data were extracted from land cover maps. Two different maps were used to evaluate the results' dependence on the input data: the Corine Land Cover (CLC) and the high-resolution Land Cover Piemonte (LCP). The methodologies were tested in the Cuneo province area, a morphologically diverse region with a significant presence of installed photovoltaic plants. The comparison of the two maps shows that the higher resolution of the LCP not only improves the delineation of areas but also their categorization. The calculation identified a suitable area of approximately 202,000 hectares in the study area. It was observed that the estimate does not vary significantly (difference of 0.02%) with the change of the land cover map in input. However, for some categories, the use of the Corine Land Cover provides a very partial estimate. Agricultural areas adjacent to industrial areas amount to 173,525 hectares with the LCP and only 13,207 hectares with the CLC, less than 8% of the areas identified with the higher-resolution map. Furthermore, external economic and technical factors were also found to be capable of removing potential surfaces identified as suitable but not subsequently utilized. Calculating slope and exposure divided the territory into ten different classes. The division was validated using data from existing plants in Italy, demonstrating its validity. The application of these classes shows that about 38% of the areas previously identified as suitable would not be used due to technical-economic limits. Thus, the estimate identifies about 124,300 hectares as suitable in the province of Cuneo. The results currently demonstrate a large availability of suitable areas if all classes identified by the regulations are included and considered. This availability could, therefore, limit suitability to only certain categories. However, in the absence of implementing decrees, which entities will be responsible for defining the regulations is not yet defined. Nonetheless, the created methodology can be freely used and tested to better identify the optimal combination of categories and constraints to better plan the development of RES in the territory. It is important to remember that although some areas may be deemed suitable, they cannot be exploited due to technical-economic limits to the regulatory definitions. Therefore, it is necessary to include external criteria and factors to identify the surfaces better and obtain more accurate estimates.
L’accordo di Parigi del 2015 e il nuovo Green Deal Europeo del 2019 hanno indicato come la lotta al cambiamento climatico è strettamente dipendente dalla diffusione della produzione di energia da fonti rinnovabili. La direttiva Europea Renewable Energy Directive (RED II) richiede agli stati membri di individuare azioni che siano promotrici dello sviluppo delle FER, sottolineando come sia importante la tutela dell’ambiente. In Italia, il Decreto Legislativo 199 del 2021 ha provveduto a definire le aree idonee per l'installazione di impianti a fonti rinnovabili. L’identificazione di aree di maggiore interesse per le installazioni di fotovoltaico risulta un tema d’interesse in letteratura diversi studi sono stati fatti anche in Italia, su Piemonte e Lazio. Tuttavia, il recente cambio di normativo ha richiesto di rivedere le metodologie utilizzate sino ad ora. L’approccio presentato parte dalla normativa vigente per identificare e determinare la distribuzione sul territorio delle aree idonee. La metodologia risulta essere completamente ripetibile e replicabile, per garantire ciò si basa totalmente su dati aperti e software a codice sorgente aperto. Si è scelto di garantire la replicabilità poiché diversi enti si sono dimostrati interessati al tema e ai suoi sviluppi. Essi, infatti, dovranno definire gli aspetti normativi per definire tali aree secondo i criteri che verranno stabiliti nei decreti attuativi del D.Lgs. 199/2021. Le aree idonee sono state suddivise in quattro differenti categorie in base alla loro definizione normativa all’interno del comma 8 dell’articolo 20. Quindi per ciascuna si è definita una procedura che consentisse di valutare anche gli effetti dei vincoli sulle aree. Inoltre, si è definita una metodologia complessiva, che comprendesse il calcolo tutte le categorie definite, al fine di evitare doppi conteggi per aree ricadenti in più categorie. I dati maggiormente utilizzati sono stati estratti dalle mappe di copertura del suolo. Al fine di valutare la dipendenza dei risultati con i dati in input due diverse mappe sono state utilizzate: la Corine Land Cover (CLC) e la mappa ad alta risoluzione Land Cover Piemonte (LCP). Le metodologie sono state testate nell’area della provincia di Cuneo. Una porzione di territorio morfologicamente vario, che ha tuttavia già una importante presenza di impianti fotovoltaici installati. Il confronto delle due mappe mostra come la maggior risoluzione della LCP non migliori solamente la perimetrazione delle aree ma anche la loro categorizazione. Il calcolo ha individuato nell’area di studio una superficie idonea pari a circa 202.000 ettari. Si è osservato che la stima non varia significativamente (differenza dello 0,02\%) al variare della mappa di copertura del suolo in input. Tuttavia, per alcune categorie l’utilizzo della Corine Land Cover fornisce una stima molto parziale. Le aree agricole limitrofe alle aree industriali risultano pari a 173.525 ettari per la LCP, e solamente 13.207 ettari per la CLC, meno dell’8\% delle aree individuate con la mappa ad una maggiore risoluzione. Inoltre, sono stati riscontrati anche la presenza di fattori esterni, economici e tecnici, che sono in grado di rimuovere potenziale superficie identificata come idonee ma che non verrà poi utilizzata. Tramite il calcolo della pendenza e dell’esposizione, il territorio è stato diviso in dieci differenti classi. La suddivisione è stata valida sui dati degli impianti esistenti in Italia, dimostrandone la validità. L’applicazione di tali classi mostra che circa il 38\% delle aree precedentemente identificate come idonee non sarebbe sfruttato per limiti tecnico-economici. La stima quindi identifica circa 124.300 ettari idonei nella provincia di Cuneo. I risultati dimostrano quindi ad ora una grande disponibilità di aree idonee, se tutte le classi identificate dalla normativa sono incluse e considerate. Tale disponibilità potrebbe quindi portare a limitare l’idoneità solamente ad alcune categorie. Tuttavia, in mancanza dei decreti attuativi non è ancora definito quali enti saranno responsabili per la definizione della normativa. Ad ogni modo, la metodologia creata potrà essere liberamente utilizzata e testata al fine di meglio identificare la combinazione migliore di categorie e vincoli per meglio pianificare lo sviluppo delle FER nel territorio. È importante ricordare che sebbene alcune aree risulteranno idonee non potranno essere sfruttate per via di limiti tecnico-economici alle definizioni normative. Risulta quindi necessario includere anche criteri e fattori esterni per meglio identificare le superfici e ottenere stime più accurate.
Valutazione dell'impatto della risoluzione delle mappe di copertura del suolo nell'identificazione delle aree idonee per le nuove installazioni di fotovoltaico a terra : un caso di studio per la provincia di Cuneo
Stucchi, Lorenzo
2023/2024
Abstract
The 2015 Paris Agreement and the new European Green Deal of 2019 have highlighted that the fight against climate change is closely dependent on expanding renewable energy production. The European Renewable Energy Directive (RED II) requires member states to identify actions that promote the development of renewable energy sources (RES), emphasizing the importance of environmental protection. In Italy, Legislative Decree 199 of 2021 has defined suitable areas for installing renewable energy plants. Identifying areas of greatest interest for photovoltaic installations is a topic of interest in the literature, with several studies conducted in Italy, particularly in Piedmont and Lazio. However, recent regulatory changes have necessitated a review of the methodologies used so far. The approach presented starts from the current regulations to identify and determine the distribution of suitable areas across the territory. The methodology is fully repeatable and replicable, based entirely on open data and open-source software. This choice of replicability is driven by the interest of various entities in the topic and its developments. These entities will need to define the regulatory aspects to identify these areas according to the criteria established in the implementing decrees of Legislative Decree 199/2021. The suitable areas have been divided into four categories based on their regulatory definition in paragraph 8 of Article 20. For each category, a procedure has been defined to evaluate the effects of constraints on the areas. Additionally, an overall methodology has been established, which includes calculating all defined categories to avoid double counting for areas falling into multiple categories. The most commonly used data were extracted from land cover maps. Two different maps were used to evaluate the results' dependence on the input data: the Corine Land Cover (CLC) and the high-resolution Land Cover Piemonte (LCP). The methodologies were tested in the Cuneo province area, a morphologically diverse region with a significant presence of installed photovoltaic plants. The comparison of the two maps shows that the higher resolution of the LCP not only improves the delineation of areas but also their categorization. The calculation identified a suitable area of approximately 202,000 hectares in the study area. It was observed that the estimate does not vary significantly (difference of 0.02%) with the change of the land cover map in input. However, for some categories, the use of the Corine Land Cover provides a very partial estimate. Agricultural areas adjacent to industrial areas amount to 173,525 hectares with the LCP and only 13,207 hectares with the CLC, less than 8% of the areas identified with the higher-resolution map. Furthermore, external economic and technical factors were also found to be capable of removing potential surfaces identified as suitable but not subsequently utilized. Calculating slope and exposure divided the territory into ten different classes. The division was validated using data from existing plants in Italy, demonstrating its validity. The application of these classes shows that about 38% of the areas previously identified as suitable would not be used due to technical-economic limits. Thus, the estimate identifies about 124,300 hectares as suitable in the province of Cuneo. The results currently demonstrate a large availability of suitable areas if all classes identified by the regulations are included and considered. This availability could, therefore, limit suitability to only certain categories. However, in the absence of implementing decrees, which entities will be responsible for defining the regulations is not yet defined. Nonetheless, the created methodology can be freely used and tested to better identify the optimal combination of categories and constraints to better plan the development of RES in the territory. It is important to remember that although some areas may be deemed suitable, they cannot be exploited due to technical-economic limits to the regulatory definitions. Therefore, it is necessary to include external criteria and factors to identify the surfaces better and obtain more accurate estimates.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/221552